Meta-analysis of phosphorus utilization by growing pigs: effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium and exogenous phytase

Abstract The development of dietary recommendations based on digestible Ca values is an essential step to optimize pig performance and feed conversion because the present guidelines, expressed on total dietary Ca, are inadequate, as they ignore endogenous losses and the digestion process. A systematic review and meta-analysis of digestibility trials were performed to quantify factors affecting Ca absorption and retention, and to estimate endogenous Ca losses. Forty studies, corresponding to 201 dietary treatments performed on 1,204 growing pigs, were selected. Data analysis was performed in R using weighted linear mixed effects regression. The results indicated that while Ca absorption and retention (g/kg of BW/day) increased with increasing Ca (P < 0.001), with non-phytate-P (P < 0.001) and with exogenous phytase intakes (P < 0.001), these responses decreased with increasing phytate-P intake (P < 0.05). Interactions were detected between exogenous phytase and Ca intake (P < 0.001), indicating reduced efficacy of this enzyme, and between phytate-P intake and exogenous phytase (P < 0.05), indicating reversing of the direct negative effect of phytate-P on Ca absorption and retention. Based on the recommended Ca and P intake for a 25 kg pig, an exogenous phytase supplementation of 1,000 FTU/day could potentially improve Ca digestibility by 20–25%. There were no effects of animal characteristics (e.g. ‘genotype’) on Ca absorption and retention. The large amount of variance explained in Ca absorption (90%) and retention (91%) supported our a priori choice of independent variables. Estimated endogenous Ca losses were 239 mg/kg of DM (95% CI 114, 364). When scaled by bodyweight, the endogenous Ca excretion on Ca-and-P-free diets was 20.5 mg/kg of BW/day (95% CI 5.46, 36.5). These outcomes should contribute to a reassessment of Ca requirements, which should lead to a more accurate formulation of pig diets.

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Compensatory effect of dietary phosphorus on performance of growing pigs and development of bone mineral density assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Livestock Science ◽

10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 138 (1-3) ◽

pp. 89-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

W.F. Ryan ◽

P.B. Lynch ◽

J.V. O'Doherty

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Mineral Density ◽

X Ray ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Compensatory Effect

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The influence of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D supplementation of a pea–barley ration for growing pigs

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9770543 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 543 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

BA Stone ◽

GH McIntosh

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D3 ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Dietary Calcium ◽

Bone Fragility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Plasma Calcium ◽

Similar Response ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Calcium Phosphorus ◽

Vitamin D3 Supplementation

A diet based on field peas and barley can satisfy the mineral requirements of growing pigs provided that calcium is supplemented at least to the level of dietary phosphorus present, and that vitamin D3 supplementation is greater than Agricultural Research Council recommendations. Bone fragility and lameness observed in pigs on a low calcium-low vitamin D3 diet was overcome by increasing either of these components, and this was accompanied by increased metacarpal ash and femur breaking strength. A similar response could also be produced by increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly influenced by changes in the dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, whereas vitamin D3 changes had a minimal influence. Parathyroid activity appeared to reflect the plasma calcium concentration. There did not appear to be any relationship between plasma concentrations and bone fragility or lameness.In order to ensure adequate bone development in pigs offered a diet of plant origin, vitamin D3 supplementation and elevation of dietary calcium to the level of total phosphorus present is a minimum requirement.

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Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium Utilization in Growing Pigs: Requirements and Improvements

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.734365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Marion Lautrou ◽

Agnès Narcy ◽

Jean-Yves Dourmad ◽

Candido Pomar ◽

Philippe Schmidely ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fixed Ratio ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Well Being ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Soil System ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Animal Growth ◽

Calcium Utilization ◽

Precise Assessment ◽

P Cycle

The sustainability of animal production relies on the judicious use of phosphorus (P). Phosphate, the mined source of agricultural phosphorus supplements, is a non-renewable resource, but phosphorus is essential for animal growth, health, and well-being. P must be provided by efficient and sustainable means that minimize the phosphorus footprint of livestock production by developing precise assessment of the bioavailability of dietary P using robust models. About 60% of the phosphorus in an animal's body occurs in bone at a fixed ratio with calcium (Ca) and the rest is found in muscle. The P and Ca requirements must be estimated together; they cannot be dissociated. While precise assessment of P and Ca requirements is important for animal well-being, it can also help to mitigate the environmental effects of pig farming. These strategies refer to multicriteria approaches of modeling, efficient use of the new generations of phytase, depletion and repletion strategies to prime the animal to be more efficient, and finally combining these strategies into a precision feeding model that provides daily tailored diets for individuals. The industry will need to use strategies such as these to ensure a sustainable plant–animal–soil system and an efficient P cycle.

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PSV-12 Nutrient Utilization of Black Soldier Fly-derived Feed Ingredients Is Affected by Growth Stage and Processing Method Based on in vitro Assays

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 198-199

Author(s):

Hansol Kim ◽

Eunjeong Jang ◽

Sang Yun Ji ◽

Beob Gyun G Kim

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Bone Development ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Percentage Difference

Abstract Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data and the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.

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