scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic relationships between growth and feed intake curves and feed efficiency and amino acid requirements in the growing pig

animal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Saintilan ◽  
L. Brossard ◽  
B. Vautier ◽  
P. Sellier ◽  
J. Bidanel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

scholarly journals RAPID COMMUNICATION: Residual feed intake in beef cattle is associated with differences in protein turnover and nutrient transporters in ruminal epithelium

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 2181-2187
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Elolimy ◽  
Emad Abdel-Hamied ◽  
Liangyu Hu ◽  
Joshua C McCann ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Ruminal Epithelium

Abstract Residual feed intake (RFI) is a widely used measure of feed efficiency in cattle. Although the precise biologic mechanisms associated with improved feed efficiency are not well-known, most-efficient steers (i.e., with low RFI coefficient) downregulate abundance of proteins controlling protein degradation in skeletal muscle. Whether cellular mechanisms controlling protein turnover in ruminal tissue differ by RFI classification is unknown. The aim was to investigate associations between RFI and signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in ruminal epithelium. One hundred and forty-nine Red Angus cattle were allocated to 3 contemporary groups according to sex and herd origin. Animals were offered a finishing diet for 70 d to calculate the RFI coefficient for each. Within each group, the 2 most-efficient (n = 6) and least-efficient animals (n = 6) were selected. Compared with least-efficient animals, the most-efficient animals consumed less feed (P < 0.05; 18.36 vs. 23.39 kg/d DMI). At day 70, plasma samples were collected for insulin concentration analysis. Ruminal epithelium was collected immediately after slaughter to determine abundance and phosphorylation status of 29 proteins associated with MTOR, ubiquitin-proteasome, insulin signaling, and glucose and amino acid transport. Among the proteins involved in cellular protein synthesis, most-efficient animals had lower (P ≤ 0.05) abundance of MTOR, p-MTOR, RPS6KB1, EIF2A, EEF2K, AKT1, and RPS6KB1, whereas MAPK3 tended (P = 0.07) to be lower. In contrast, abundance of p-EEF2K, p-EEF2K:EEF2K, and p-EIF2A:EIF2A in most-efficient animals was greater (P ≤ 0.05). Among proteins catalyzing steps required for protein degradation, the abundance of UBA1, NEDD4, and STUB1 was lower (P ≤ 0.05) and MDM2 tended (P = 0.06) to be lower in most-efficient cattle. Plasma insulin and ruminal epithelium insulin signaling proteins did not differ (P > 0.05) between RFI groups. However, abundance of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter SLC2A4 and the amino acid transporters SLC1A3 and SLC1A5 also was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in most-efficient cattle. Overall, the data indicate that differences in signaling mechanisms controlling protein turnover and nutrient transport in ruminal epithelium are components of feed efficiency in beef cattle.

The amino acid requirements of pigs for maintenance and for growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 60-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Fuller ◽  
R. McWilliam ◽  
T.C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
Better Than

The optimal balance of amino acids in the diet of the growing pig was estimated by ARC (1981) on the basis of a number of disparate studies augmented by data on the amino acid composition of the whole body on the premise that the amino acids incorporated into accreted body proteins are the major determinant of requirements and that this pattern is not distorted by inequalities in the utilisation of individual amino acids. In an accompanying paper (Wang & Fuller, paper no. 91) an optimal pattern was derived by direct experiment which was shown to be utilised better than that described by ARC (1981). That pattern, however, which related to one particular rate of nitrogen input and the particular rate of protein accretion which that input supported, includes two components, a requirement for maintenance and a requirement for protein accretion. There is clear evidence from studies with rats and chicks that the optimal pattern of amino acids for maintenance and growth are quite different and so the optimal pattern for any particular rate of growth will depend on the relative contributions of the two components. The purpose of this experiment was to estimate both.

scholarly journals 89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Laura L Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Reproductive Tissue ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.

Genetic improvement of lean meat growth and feed efficiency in pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hermesch
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Feed Costs

Optimising selection procedures for feed efficiency and lean meat growth in pigs is important because feed costs form a high cost component of production. In this paper a number of breeding objectives used in pig industries are reviewed and the concept of the linear-plateau growth model is outlined. This concept allows optimisation of selection for feed intake of the growing pig taking the pigs potential for protein deposition into account. This is a first step towards further collaboration between geneticists and scientists from other disciplines in order to gain a better understanding of physiological consequences of selection. The necessity of recording individual feed intake in group housed pigs has led to the development of electronic feeders. These computerised systems provide additional data including repeated weight and feed intake records as well as feeding pattern traits. How to make best use of this extra information in breeding programmes needs to be explored further. Implications of testing pigs under ad libitum and restricted feeding are outlined and results from selection experiments and commercial group house environments are summarised. The comparison of testing procedures shows that restricted feeding benefits selection for lean meat growth. However, in commercial environments the benefits depend on how well variation in feed intake can be controlled. Testing procedures should be expanded to explain a larger part of variation in daily feed intake, as is currently the case. This unexplained variation may be related to the animal’s activity, social interactions between animals and response to various stressors that occur in commercial group housed environments.

48 Genomic Studies of Feed Efficiency and Component Traits in American Mink

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Pourya Davoudi ◽  
Duy Ngoc Do ◽  
Guoyu Hu ◽  
Siavash Salek Ardestani ◽  
Younes Miar
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Selection For

Abstract Feed costs are the largest expense in mink production systems. Therefore, improvement of feed efficiency (FE) is the best way to use limited resources efficiently and increase the mink industry’s sustainability. The objectives of this project are to 1) identify the genetic relationships among different FE measures and their component traits, and 2) discover the genetic architecture of FE and implement genomic selection for FE traits to increase the genetic gain in American mink. Final body weight (FBW), final body length (FBL), daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain (RG), residual intake and gain (RIG) and Kleiber ratio (KR) traits were measured based on the phenotypic records on 1,088 American mink from the Canadian Center for Fur Animal Research (Nova Scotia, Canada). Univariate models were applied to test the significance of sex, color type, age, and nested Row(Year) as fixed effects and random maternal effect. Genetic parameters were estimated via bivariate models using ASReml-R 4. Estimated heritabilities (±SE) were 0.38±0.10, 0.36±0.10, 0.25±0.10, 0.34±0.09, 0.38±0.08, 0.37±0.07, 0.29±0.10, 0.32±0.10 and 0.34±0.10 for FBW, FBL, DFI, ADG, FCR, RFI, RG, RIG and KR, respectively. RFI showed non-significant (P >0.05) genetic correlations with component traits such as FBW (0.00±0.17) and FBL (0.30±0.16) but significant (P < 0.05) high genetic correlation with DFI (0.74±0.09), indicating that selection based on RFI will reduce the feed intake without any negative effects on the size and growth. The estimated genetic parameters for FE traits suggested the possibility to implement genetic/genomic selection to improve the FE in American mink. Consequently, the ongoing project on genetic mapping and genomic selection will enhance the knowledge of FE and improve the efficacy of selection for more feed-efficient mink.

Efficiency of feed utilisation by livestock — Implications and benefits of genetic improvement

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Arthur ◽  
R. M. Herd
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Feed Utilisation

Genetic improvement strategies in the past have concentrated on traits associated with outputs. Traits that directly affect input costs, such as those related to the efficiency of feed utilisation, have only recently started to receive some attention. This paper examines the current state of knowledge, benefits and challenges associated with genetic improvement of feed utilisation by livestock. Current information indicates the existence of genetic variation in feed efficiency and moderate heritability for most feed efficiency traits in all livestock species. However, there is a paucity of information on the genetic relationships among feed efficiency traits and other traits at different phases of the production cycle. The challenge is to develop breeding programs that exploit genetic variation in efficiency of feed utilisation to improve whole production system efficiency. The cost of recording feed intake (used to compute feed efficiency traits) is high, making it uneconomical, in some species, to measure feed intake in all potential seedstock animals. However, where a two-stage selection approach has been adopted, the inclusion of feed efficiency traits in genetic improvement schemes has yielded substantial additional benefits over and above the benefits from existing schemes that do not include feed efficiency traits. Under a two-stage selection strategy all potential seedstock animals are first evaluated for the production traits of interest, after which strategically selected individuals undergo feed efficiency testing. Where physiological or genetic markers for feed efficiency exist, such information is included in the first stage selection decision. There is theoretical evidence that selection for some feed efficiency traits, such as residual feed intake, will have additional benefit of reducing greenhouse emissions by livestock and improving environmental sustainability. The challenge is to generate the necessary empirical data to support this assertion. Key words: Feed efficiency, genetics, physiology, economic benefit, environmental sustainability

scholarly journals Futteraufnahme und Fressverhalten wachsender Lämmer – 2. Mitteilung: genetische Korrelationen zwischen der Futteraufnahme und Leistungsmerkmalen

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-380
Author(s):  
E. Gernand ◽  
R. Wassmuth ◽  
H. Lenz ◽  
C. Mendel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Fattening Performance

Abstract. Title of the paper: Feed intake and eating behaviour of growing lambs. 2nd communication: genetic correlations between feed intake and performance traits In the present study genetic correlations between feed intake, feed efficiency and daily feed intake on one hand and fattening performance, carcass quality and fertility on the other hand were estimated. Data were collected in the test stations “Schöndorf”/Thuringia and in “Grub”/Bavaria as well as in stud book farms in Thuringia and Bavaria. Fattening performance and carcass quality were measured on 4,397 and 2,264 lambs, respectively, in Schöndorf and 1,292 lambs in Grub. The genetic correlation between feed efficiency and the number of lambs born alive (LGL) was in Thuringia rA = −0.35, but in Bavaria −0.03 only. Further, the genetic correlations between daily feed intake and LGL were different with 0.29 in Thuringia and −0.20 in Bavaria. But the standard errors of the estimates were high due to an insufficient genetic linkage between data from station testing (fattening performance, carcass quality) and from field testing (fertility). Therefore, the results have to be considered as tendencies. A high feed intake during the whole test period led to better daily gain. The genetic relationships between feed intake and carcass quality were indifferent. When using feed intake or efficiency for breeding value estimation and selection no basically problems have to be expected.

Genetic correlations between female fertility and postweaning growth and feed efficiency traits in multibreed beef cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mu ◽  
G. Vander Voort ◽  
M.K. Abo-Ismail ◽  
R. Ventura ◽  
J. Jamrozik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Fertility Traits

With selection in beef cattle now incorporating feed efficiency, knowing the relationship with other traits is needed. Genetic relationships were estimated with an animal model in ASReml with a three-generation pedigree inclusive of 2882 animals. Multibreed data from two Ontario beef research farms with fertility traits were available on 1366 females and postweaning traits, including feed efficiency on 1297 individuals. Estimates of heritability for fertility traits were low to moderate ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 for pregnancy rate to 0.21 ± 0.02 for gestation length, and postweaning traits were moderate to high with feed conversion ratio at 0.22 ± 0.06 to mid-metabolic weight at 0.89 ± 0.01. Both dry matter intake and mid-metabolic weight were genetically correlated with most fertility traits from −0.52 to 0.34. The genetic correlation between average daily gain and days to calving was moderately negative (–0.33 ± 0.16) as was residual feed intake with days to calving (–0.34 ± 0.17). Bigger cows with more feed intake and faster growth were more fertile, and residual feed intake had an unfavorable genetic correlation with days to calving, indicating that programs to select for feed efficiency should include fertility simultaneously in a selection index.

Phenotypic and genetic correlations between feeding behaviours and feed efficiency in crossbred beef replacement females

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Olson ◽  
C. Li ◽  
H. Block ◽  
L. McKeown ◽  
J.A. Basarab
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Feeding Behaviours

The objectives of this study were to identify the phenotypic and genetic relationships and heritability (h2) of feeding behaviours (FB) in replacement beef females. Between 2005 and 2017, heifers (N = 1394) were tested for feed intake using an electronic feed bunk system. The various FB were feeding duration (DUR; min d−1), head down time (HD; min d−1), feeding frequency (FREQ; events d−1), time-to-bunk (TTB; min). Dry matter intake (DMI; kg d−1), and residual feed intake adjusted for off-test ultrasound back fat thickness (RFIFAT) were also reported. The h2 estimates for DUR, HD, FREQ, TTB, DMI, and RFIFAT were 0.25 ± 0.05, 0.26 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.29 ± 0.06, 0.26 ± 0.05, and 0.40 ± 0.07, respectively. These are the first h2 to be presented for these FB among developing replacement heifers on a high-forage diet.

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