Effect of stage of development and pre-natal nutrition on hoof characteristics of fetal sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 128-128
Author(s):  
K. Howard ◽  
M. Birnie ◽  
H. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Welfare Problem ◽  
And Function

Lameness is a major welfare problem in farm animals and poor hoof (claw) health frequently causes painful lesions. Such lesions frequently arise from damage to the underlying dermal and epidermal soft tissues causing impaired production of the horn on the external surface of the claw (Budras et al., 1998) Precisely timed interactions between embryonic dermis and epidermis, are essential for normal development and function in other integumental tissues such as the hair follicle (Galbraith, 1998), but have not been confirmed for claw tissue. The time course of development of cellular and extra-cellular structures has not been described, nor has the question of whether fetal prenatal claw development may be affected by undernutrition of the ewe such as frequently occurs in extensive production systems. The aims of the study were to investigate external physical dimensions and internal cellular development of fetal claws and how these may be influenced by stage of gestation and maternal nutrition.

CONNECTION g.307 G > A SNP POLYMORPHISM OF THE ALPHA-FUKOZYLTRASFERAZA 1 GENE WITH ECONOMIC-USEFUL TRAITS IN THE LARGE WHITE PIG BREED

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
H. S. Rudoman ◽  
V. M. Balatsky ◽  
V. Y. Nor ◽  
V. O. Vovk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Large White ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Level

One of the top priorities at the present stage of development of pig breeding remains the development of a set of measures aimed at increasing the resistance animals to various diseases, especially – to colibacteriosis .One of the recent and effective approaches to prevent colibacillosis is using markers of selection; it involves pig genotyping by genome locuses. Chosen locuses are associated with animal sensitivity to the disease and selection of the results of genotyping of animals with increased resistance. Due to researches, one of such locuses is alpha-fukozyltrasferаza 1 gene (FUT1). Gene FUT1 is located in chromosome 6. As a result of its sequencing in the swine breeds of Large White and Swedish Landrace, single-nucleotide polymorphism (g.307 G > A SNP) has been detected. AA genotype determines the resistance of animals to colibacteriosis, while AG and GG genotypes are susceptible to this disease. According to the results of previous studies, the positive effect of allele A was determined not only on the resistance of pigs to colibacteriosis, but also on indicators of fattening and meat productivity and on reproductive performance. In Ukraine, the studies of polymorphism FUT1 g.307 G > A SNP were held fragmentedly and only on certain populations of Ukrainian Meat and Large White breed but without establishing its association with the indicators of productivity of pigs. The aim of our work was to study the genetic structure of Ukrainian Large White breeds, type 1 and the establishment of association. g. 307 G > A SNP FUT1 gene with pigs indicators of productivity. For research the 96 samples of hair were used. DNA isolation from samples with biomaterial were carried out using ion exchange resin Chelex-100. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP by method of Jorgensen et al. (2006). Using DNA analysis of this breeds locus FUT1 was determined by genetic structure. Allele frequency of allele G (0,573) and allele A (0,427) was established The distribution of genotype frequencies was not statistically significantly different from the theoretically expected, calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg criterion. Thus, according to the locus of FUT1 g.307 G > A, the breeds investigated are in a state close to the genetic equilibrium. The negative value of the fixation index by the locus FUT1 g.307 G > A indicates an excess of heterozygotes in the population, and hence the lack of targeted selection for this marker. The valuation was performed by calculating the PIC (polymorphic information content) – information content of polymorphism marker. In the analyzed pig herd for this marker, the PIC has an average value (0,367), which indicates the high level of polymorphism of the given locus and is favorable for the possibility of conducting a search for links between individual genotypes and indicators of productivity. To establish the association g.307 G > A SNP FUT1 gene with indicators of animal productivity, a one-way analysis of variance of the experimental data was used. Based on the results of a one-way analysis of variance, a significant effect of the genotypes of the FUT1gene (g.1849 G > C) on the indicator of the average daily weight gain (р ≤ 0,001), the thickness of the bacon at the level of the VI-VII vertebrae (p ≤ 0.01), reaching live weight of 100 kg (р ≤ 0,001) and breeding index of fattening qualities (р ≤ 0,01) was found. The parameter of the influence of the genetic factor on the test feature was 28,54%, 10,4%, 33,4% and 8,8% respectively. According to the investigated indicators of productivity, animals with genotype AA, which determines resistance to colibacteriosis, dominated the animals with genotypes GG and AG. Based on the results of our research and pre-published data, the multiple effect of the g.307 G > A SNP FUT1 gene is observed, which is associated with the indicators of productivity, which again confirms the polygenicity of the quantitative trait loci of farm animals. Taking into account a high level of polymorphism of the investigated gene and reliable associations of genotypes with indicators of productivity found, it can be recommended to carry out breeding of pigs using genetic information of the g.307 G > A SNP gene FUT1.

scholarly journals Airway inflammatory cell responses to intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide in a sheep model of chorioamnionitis

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. L384-L393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fook-Choe Cheah ◽  
J. Jane Pillow ◽  
Boris W. Kramer ◽  
Graeme R. Polglase ◽  
Ilias Nitsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Fetal Lung ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Sheep Model ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Nitrative Stress ◽  
Maturation Factor ◽  
Oxidative Burst Activity

Chorioamnionitis, a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants, causes an influx of inflammatory cells into the fetal lung. Using a fetal sheep model, we evaluated the time course of activation, functional maturity, and apoptosis of the leukocytes recruited to the fetal air spaces by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Time-mated sheep were given intra-amniotic injections with 10 mg of Escherichia coli LPS or saline 2 or 7 days before preterm delivery at 124 days of gestation (term is 150 days). Both neutrophils and monocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) had activated NF-κB after 2- and 7-day LPS exposures. These neutrophils and monocytes expressed the activation factor CD11b and the maturation factor PU.1 at 2 days, and increased PU.1 expression was detected in macrophages at 7 days. Leukocyte oxidative burst activity was greatest at 7 days. BALF lipid peroxidation increased fivefold at 2 days, while protein carbonyls increased eightfold at 7 days. Nitrative stress was not detected in the BALF, but leukocytes in the lung expressed nitric oxide synthase (NOS)II (inducible NOS). BALF leukocytes expressed the antioxidant peroxiredoxin V. Lung glutathione peroxidase was also increased with LPS exposure. There was minimal apoptosis of airway and lung leukocytes assessed by caspase-3 activation. Intra-amniotic LPS recruits leukocytes to the fetal air space that have a persistent activation. These results have implications for the pathogenesis of lung inflammatory disorders in the preterm.

scholarly journals Acetylcholine Receptors

1972 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Criss Hartzell ◽  
Douglas M. Fambrough
Keyword(s):  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Scintillation Counting ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
And Function ◽  
Quantitative Radioautography ◽  
Ach Receptors

Using 125iodine-labeled α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT-125I) and quantitative radioautography, we have studied the time-course of the change in acetylcholine (ACh) receptor distribution and density occurring in rat diaphragm after denervation. In innervated fibers, ACh receptors are localized at the neuromuscular junction and the extrajunctional receptor density is less than five receptors per square micrometer. The extrajunctional receptor density begins to increase between 2 and 3 days after denervation and increases approximately linearly to 1695 receptors/µm2 at 14 days, subsequently decreasing to 529 receptors/µm2 at 45 days. We have isolated plasma membranes from rat leg muscles at various times after denervation and find that the change in concentration of ACh receptors in the membranes measured by α-BGT-125I binding and scintillation counting follows a time-course similar to the change in ACh receptor density measured radioautographically. Furthermore, we have correlated extrajunctional ACh receptor density measured by radioautography with extrajunctional ACh sensitivity measured by iontophoretic application of ACh and intracellular recording and find that the log of ACh receptor density is related to 0.53 times the log of ACh sensitivity. These results are discussed in terms of the electrophysiological experiments on the ACh receptor and the recent, more biochemical approaches to the study of ACh receptor control and function.

Ontogeny of the insulin response to glucose in fetal and adult sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 1288-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Houghton ◽  
Thomas J. McDonald ◽  
John R. G. Challis
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Insulin Response To Glucose

The purpose of the present experiments was to examine in sheep whether the fetal insulin response to glucose was present by day 110 (d110) of pregnancy and whether the magnitude of the fetal insulin response changed between d110 and d145 (term). We also compared the responses observed in fetuses to those of adult nonpregnant sheep. Basal concentrations of glucose measured in plasma collected from the fetal femoral artery rose progressively between d110 and d145 of gestation, but did not attain the plasma glucose concentrations measured in adult sheep. Peak glucose concentrations in fetuses were achieved 10 min following the bolus injection of glucose (0.8 g/kg estimated fetal body weight) into the fetal femoral vein, and peak values increased with gestational age. Significantly higher peak glucose concentrations were achieved in adult sheep. The concentration of insulin rose rapidly in fetuses at d110, and a similar time course of insulin release in plasma was seen at all gestational ages. The peak plasma insulin concentrations were achieved at 20 min and were significantly greater in older (d140–145) than younger (d125–130) fetuses (p < 0.05). Peak insulin values in fetuses were much less than in adult sheep. In adult sheep glucose and insulin concentrations remained elevated at 120 min following the injection of glucose, whereas in the fetus the concentration of insulin had returned to preinjection values by 60 min. The insulin/glucose ratio did not change in fetal lambs over the last one third of gestation and was not different from the adult sheep. We conclude that (1) the fetal insulin response to an acute glucose load is present by d110 of gestation, and (2) the ratio of insulin released per unit glucose elevation did not change in fetal sheep over the last one third of gestation, nor between fetal and adult sheep.Key words: glucose, insulin, fetal sheep.

ORTHODONTIC PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
T. M. GRABER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Disturbances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Jaw Development

ONE of the most important phases of oral health is the form and function of the oral mechanism. That specialty of dentistry which has as its goal the correction of dental malformations and restoration of the continuity and proper function of the teeth and jaws is called orthodontics. While parents have long been concerned with the obvious esthetic disabilities of malposed teeth, the pathologic implications of these malposed teeth have been the primary concern of the orthodontist. Frequently, tooth malpositions or dental malocclusions reflect growth and developmental disturbances of the upper and lower jaws. Crooked teeth are unsightly, but more important, they probably are functioning improperly, or not at all, which seriously impairs the health and longevity of the teeth and investing tissues. Recent studies of facial growth indicate that dental malocclusions may be grouped in three morphologic categories, on the basis of jaw development and individual tooth malpositions. First, are those types of disturbances which are primarily skeletal in nature. These are problems where the maxilla or mandible has assumed an abnormal relationship to one another, usually through an upset in the timetable of normal development. The teeth in each dental arch may be normal in their position when compared to their respective jaws, but the abnormal jaw relationship means that the upper and lower teeth meet improperly during mastication, deglutition and speech. The second group consists of relatively local disturbances, with the teeth malposed, but with normal jaw relationship. The third group is a combination of the first two, with both improper jaw relationship and with teeth in abnormal positions. Within these three broad categories one may find all sorts of tooth malpositions and jaw relationships; the premaxillary segment may be displaced anteriorly, the whole lower dental arch may be retruded, the upper cuspids may be erupting in the palate, etc. Such conditions may be separate or occur in combination.

scholarly journals Metabolic aspects of the secretion of stored compounds from blood platelets. The effect of NaF at different pH on nucleotide metabolism and function of washed platelets

1981 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
E H Mürer ◽  
K Davenport ◽  
E Siojo ◽  
H J Day
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function ◽  
Special Circumstances

The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of human blood platelets to fluoride at different pH. The results were as follows. (1) Fluoride induced secretion faster and at a lower concentration when pH was lowered. (2) Platelets exposed to 2 mM-fluoride at 0 degrees C at pH 5.3 underwent secretion when first pH and then temperature was raised, although no secretion was seen at 2 mM-fluoride concentration in the absence of the preincubation at low pH. (3) The concentration of [14C]ATP in platelets decreased steeply in response to fluoride before induction of secretion. Addition of antimycin blocked or partly inhibited secretion. Fluoride thus exerts an inhibitory effect on platelet glycolysis before induction of secretion. (4) Fluoride accumulated in the platelet pellet by a time course that preceded secretion. The accumulation was faster and greater at pH 6 than at 7.4. These four points are taken as indirect evidence that fluoride has to penetrate to the interior of the platelet to induce secretion. The activation takes place over a wide range of acid pH in contrast with induction of platelet function via the outside of the plasma membrane. In addition evidence is presented that the salvage pathway may under special circumstances play an important role in the re-synthesis of platelet adenine nucleotides.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTS' ATTITUDES IN PROVIDING EDUCATION AT HOME TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AGED 5-6 YEARS IN BULUSARI VILLAGE, GEMPOL SUB-DISTRICT, PASURUAN DISTRICT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Siti Fithrotul Umami ◽  
Titiek Idayanti
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Family Education ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Individual Evaluation ◽  
And Function ◽  
At Home

Background: Development is increasing ability (skill) in the structure and function of the body that is more complex in a regular pattern and can be predicted as a result, from the results of maturation. attitude is an individual evaluation in the form of a tendency (Inclination) towards various elements outside of him. Based on the results of a preliminary study of 10 children aged 5-6 years, it was found that 5 children had normal development, 2 children doubted, and 3 children developed abnormally. While for family education conducted by parents, it was found that 7 parents supported (favorabel), and 3 parents were not supportive (unfavorable).Objectives: The study aimed to determine the influence of parents' attitudes in providing education at home toward the development of children aged 5-6 years in Bulusari Village, Gempol Sub-District, Pasuruan District.Methods: The research design was analytical design using purposive sampling with a sample of 45 parents and children in Bulusari Village, Gempol Sub-District, Pasuruan District. The measuring instrument used was a questionnaire for parents and KPSP for child development. This research is presented in the form of the Fisher's Exact Test.Results: The results showed that of 38 parents (84.45%) who supported having normal development children as many as 35 children (77.78%). Based on the results of the Fisher's Exact Test statistical test, it was found that the value of p <α, which is 0.001022 <0.05, which means that there is an influence from the provision of family education conducted by parents to the development of children aged 5-6 years.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is expected that efforts from health workers to increase counseling to parents so that they have a role and have an obligation to help, assist children, teach children to actively learn, give love, develop creativity and socialization of children. Kata kunci : Parent’s attitude, development of 5-6 years, giving education in houses.

Endocannabinoid signals in the developmental programming of delayed-onset neuropsychiatric and metabolic illnesses

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Keimpema ◽  
Daniela Calvigioni ◽  
Tibor Harkany
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Affected Offspring ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Maternal Programming ◽  
And Function

It is increasingly recognized that maternal exposure to metabolic (nutritional) stimuli, infections, illicit or prescription drugs and environmental stressors during pregnancy can predispose affected offspring to developing devastating postnatal illnesses. If detrimental maternal stimuli coincide with critical periods of tissue production and organogenesis then they can permanently derail key cellular differentiation programs. Maternal programming can thus either provoke developmental failure directly (‘direct hit’) or introduce latent developmental errors that enable otherwise sub-threshold secondary stressors to manifest as disease (‘double hit’) postnatally. Accumulating evidence suggests that nervous system development is tightly controlled by maternal metabolic stimuli, and whose synaptic wiring and integrative capacity are adversely affected by dietary and hormonal challenges, infections or episodes of illicit drug use. Endocannabinoids, a family of signal lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been implicated in neuronal fate determination, the control of axonal growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic neurotransmission. Therefore the continuum and interdependence of endocannabinoid actions during the formation and function of synapses together with dynamic changes in focal and circulating endocannabinoid levels upon maternal nutritional imbalance suggest that endocannabinoids can execute the ‘reprogramming’ of specific neuronal networks. In the present paper, we review molecular evidence suggesting that maternal nutrition and metabolism during pregnancy can affect the formation and function of the hippocampus and hypothalamus by altering endocannabinoid signalling such that neuropsychiatric diseases and obesity respectively ensue in affected offspring. Moreover, we propose that the placenta, fetal adipose and nervous tissues interact via endocannabinoid signals. Thus endocannabinoids are hypothesized to act as a molecular substrate of maternal programming.

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