Screening of fibrolytic enzymes as additives for ruminant diets: relationship between enzyme activities and the in vitro degradation of enzyme-treated forages

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 210-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
D.P. Morgavi ◽  
A.F. Furtado ◽  
K.A. Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
In Vitro Degradation ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Commercial Enzyme ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Feed Enzymes

Results in the literature concerning the efficacy of feed enzymes for ruminant diets have been mixed. Commercial preparations currently used are fermentation extracts containing several enzymic activities. It has been suggested that ruminal fermentation of grass and maize silages is enzyme-limited (Wallace et al., 2001). In order to design better enzyme additives, the enzyme activities likely to affect the animal responses should be identified. This study examined 23 commercial enzyme preparations for their biochemical properties and their ability to influence the in vitro degradation of alfalfa and maize silage.

The effect of fibrolytic enzyme application on the rate and extent of alfalfa stem fermentation, assessed in vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 209-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
M. K. Bhat ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Commercial Enzyme ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Enzyme Application ◽  
Different Levels

A number of fibrolytic enzyme preparations have been shown to increase the rate and extent of fermentation of alfalfa fractions (Colombatto et al., 2000a). However, responses to enzyme addition have been mixed and several factors are believed to be involved. Among these, specific enzyme activities and application rates are very important. The present study examined a commercial enzyme preparation already established as effective, for its ability to increase the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of alfalfa stems, when applied at different levels.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Tatiana García Díaz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

scholarly journals Stability of feed enzymes in physiological conditions assayed by in vitro methods

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Johan Inborr ◽  
Anne Grönlund
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Feed Enzymes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

A series of in vitro incubations were carried out to investigate the stability of two enzyme preparations in conditions similar to those in the upper gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals. The two enzyme products, one crude xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (Multifekt K) and the other a specifically manufactured feed enzyme (Avizyme SX®), were subjected to incubations at low and neutral pH with and without proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and pancreatin). Wheat gluten was employed together with the crude xylanase to investigate its potential as a stabilising agent. Due to the buffering effect of Avizyme SX®, incubations were carried out with (pH 2.5) and without (pH 3.2) addition of either citric or hydrochloric acid. Incubation of the crude xylanase at low pH followed by incubation at neutral pH resulted in negligible loss of xylanase activity whereas β-xylosidase recovery fell to 57 per cent of the initial value (P

Fibrolytic enzyme mixtures as an alternative to rumen fluid for assessing feed degradation kineticsin vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 27-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
M. K. Bhat ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Fermentation System ◽  
Commercial Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Mixture

Several techniques involving enzymes as alternatives to rumen fluid inin vitrostudies have been proposed. However, high cost, ill-defined characterisation and high variation among enzyme preparations and batches have discouraged their use. In addition, most studies have aimed at determining dry matter degradability (DMD) at a fixed time, commonly 48 h. Consequently little information has been published concerning the DM degradation dynamics of forages incubated with enzymes. Therefore the objective of the present study was to compare the ability of a commercial enzyme mixture to describe the fermentation dynamics of two contrasting forages, using the ANKOMin vitrofermentation system (Daisy II, ANKOM Co, USA).

scholarly journals Effect of maize silage to grass silage ratio and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation in vitro

animal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hildebrand ◽  
J. Boguhn ◽  
M. Rodehutscord
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage

Influence of selected fibrolytic enzymes on the ensiling characteristics and in vitro rumen degradation of maize silage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 213-213
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
M. K. Bhat ◽  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Organic Matter Degradation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Rumen Degradation

Selected fibrolytic enzyme preparations applied at ensiling have been shown to reduce the fibre contents and to increase the initial rate of in vitro organic matter degradation (OMD) of maize silage (Colombatto et al., 2001). However, there is little information on changes in the fibre content of maize forage during the ensiling process, as affected by enzyme addition. The present study examined the effects of characterised enzyme preparations (Colombatto et al., 2000), derived from mesophilic and thermophilic fungal sources applied at ensiling, on the quality and in vitro rumen degradation characteristics of maize silage, as assessed using the Reading Pressure Technique (RPT, Mauricio et al., 1999).

scholarly journals Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e48549
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mahmoud Abd El Tawab ◽  
Mostafa Sayed Abdellatif Khattab ◽  
Fatma Ibrahim Hadhoud ◽  
Mahmoud Mohamed Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Negative Effect

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.

The effects of three total mixed rations with different concentrate to maize silage ratios and different levels of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on in vitro total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. KHOLIF ◽  
M. M. Y. ELGHANDOUR ◽  
A. Z. M. SALEM ◽  
A. BARBABOSA ◽  
O. MÁRQUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to assess the effects of adding Chlorella vulgaris algae at different levels on in vitro gas production (GP) of three total mixed rations (TMR) with different concentrate (C): maize silage (S) ratios (25C : 75S, 50C : 50S, 75C : 25S). Chlorella vulgaris was added at 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/g dry matter (DM) of the TMR and total gas, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production were recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation in three runs. Increasing concentrate portion in the TMR linearly increased the asymptotic GP and decreased the rate of GP without affecting the lag time. Addition of C. vulgaris at 20 mg/g DM to the 25C : 75S TMR increased the asymptotic GP, CH4, CO2 and GP at 48 h. Addition of C. vulgaris to the 50C : 50S TMR decreased the asymptotic GP and GP at 48 h. Higher CH4 production was observed at 48 h of incubation when C. vulgaris was included at (per g DM): 20 mg for the 25C : 75S ration, 40 mg for the 50C : 50S ration and 80 mg for the 75C : 25S ration. Inclusion of C. vulgaris linearly increased CH4 production for the 50C : 50S ration and increased CO2 production at 10 and 12 h of incubation for the 50C : 50S ration, whereas 20 and 40 mg C. vulgaris/g DM of the 75C : 25S TMR decreased CO2 production. The 25C : 75S TMR had the highest in vitro DM disappearance with C. vulgaris addition. Chlorella vulgaris addition was more effective with rations high in fibre content than those high in concentrates. It can be concluded that the optimal level of C. vulgaris addition was 20 mg/g DM for improved ruminal fermentation of the 25C : 75S TMR.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Genetic Studies of the Initiation of Human Rhinovirus 2 RNA Replication: Purification and Enzymatic Analysis of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase 3Dpol

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 10969-10978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Gerber ◽  
Eckard Wimmer ◽  
Aniko V. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Synthetic Reactions

ABSTRACT The replication of human rhinovirus 2 (HRV2), a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae, requires a virus-encoded RNA polymerase. We have expressed in Escherichia coli and purified both a glutathioneS-transferase fusion polypeptide and an untagged form of the HRV2 RNA polymerase 3Dpol. Using in vitro assay systems previously described for poliovirus RNA polymerase 3Dpol(J. B. Flanegan and D. Baltimore, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3677–3680, 1977; A. V. Paul, J. H. van Boom, D. Filippov, and E. Wimmer, Nature 393:280–284, 1998), we have analyzed the biochemical properties of the two different enzyme preparations. HRV2 3Dpol is both template and primer dependent, and it catalyzes two types of synthetic reactions in the presence of UTP, Mn2+, and a poly(A) template. The first consists of an elongation reaction of an oligo(dT)15 primer into poly(U). The second is a protein-priming reaction in which the enzyme covalently links UMP to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine in the terminal protein VPg, yielding VPgpU. This precursor is elongated first into VPgpUpU and then into VPg-linked poly(U), which is identical to the 5′ end of picornavirus minus strands. The two forms of the enzyme are about equally active both in the oligonucleotide elongation and in the VPg-primed reaction. Various synthetic mutant VPgs were tested as substrates in the VPg uridylylation reaction.

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