Effects of an algal biomass supplement on the periparturient rise in nematode egg output from ewes and the subsequent effects on their offspring

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 96-96
Author(s):  
E. Scott-Baird ◽  
C. Leifert ◽  
S.A. Edwards ◽  
G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Parasite Infestation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Crucial Part

The periparturient rise in nematode eggs at lambing is a crucial part of the epidemiology of nematode infections as it allows a large number of infective larvae to be present in the pastures when the lamb is young and most immunologically naïve. With a rapidly rising level of anthelmintic resistance and increasing public concern over drug residues remaining in animal products, it is necessary to achieve more long-term, sustainable nematode control programmes. Some plant products could provide alternatives or adjuncts to conventional control with anthelmintics and ease the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance. The polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can be produced in high concentrations by some marine algae, has been shown to modify immune response in many species and decrease the production of proinflammatory cytokines (Calder, 2001). This action could reduce inflammation in the gut in response to parasite infestation and reduce the extent of associated hypophagia. The objective of this study was to investigate the long term effects of providing an algal DHA dietary supplement in late pregnancy, on the periparturient rise and the resulting effects on the infection levels and production consequences for their lambs.

Effects of long-term ionic and osmotic stress conditions on photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saowarath Jantaro ◽  
Paula Mulo ◽  
Tove Jansén ◽  
Aran Incharoensakdi ◽  
Pirkko Mäenpää
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Component ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Synechocystis Sp ◽  
Halotolerant Cyanobacterium ◽  
Pcc 6803

Salinity is considered to be one of the most severe problems in worldwide agricultural production, but the published investigations give contradictory results of the effect of ionic and osmotic stresses on photosynthesis. In the present study, long-term effects of both ionic and osmotic stresses, especially on photosynthesis, were investigated using the moderately halotolerant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Our results show that the PSII activity and the photosynthetic capacity tolerated NaCl but a high concentration of sorbitol completely inhibited both activities. In line with these results, we show that the amount of the D1 protein of PSII was decreased under severe osmotic stress, whereas the levels of PsaA / B and NdhF3 proteins remained unchanged. However, high concentrations of sorbitol stress led to a drastic decrease of both psbA (encoding D1) and psaA (encoding PsaA) transcripts, suggesting that severe osmotic stress may abolish the tight coordination of transcription and translation normally present in bacteria, at least in the case of the psaA gene. Taken together, our results indicate that the osmotic stress component is more detrimental to photosynthesis than the ionic one and, furthermore, under osmotic stress, the D1 protein appears to be the target of this stress treatment.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Multidrug Resistance of Strongyle Nematodes in Ordos Merino Sheep

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ledege Eye ◽  
Jiya Wuen ◽  
Xiuling He ◽  
Buhe Buyin ◽  
Ying Hai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Repeated Use

Abstract Background: Regular whole-flock treatments and long-term repeated use of similar anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance and widespread epidemic of sheep nematodiasis. The current work was carried out to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and to evaluate the efficacy of currently used anthelmintics. Results: A total of 4014 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep from March 2017 to April 2019 and fecal nematode eggs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for understanding the prevalence of sheep nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of currently used drugs was evaluated in naturally infected sheep. The gastrointestinal nematode infection was serious in Ordos merino sheep. The infection rates of nematodes in three consecutive years were 84.3%, 36.9%, and 42.3%, respectively. The Hemonchus contortus and Nematodirus sp. were the dominantly infected species with the infection rates of 84.3% and 65.6% in 2017. Moreover, these species were acquired highly resistance to the Ivermectin, Doramectin, Albendazole and Levamisole. The percentages of FERC were 6.9%, 1.7%, 3.5% and 79.0%, respectively, following single administration. However, Nitroxynil and Closantel showed a strong anthelmintic efficacy on popular dominant species Haemonchus contortus and some other nematodes, while almost no effect on Nematodirus sp. Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and their resistance to commonly used anthelmintics were comprehensively understood, and the high efficacy drugs on predominant species were screened out. The results will pay a good foundation for developing of reasonable drug use.

Effects of short and long term sodium supplementation on copper accumulation in sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
M.O. Mohammed ◽  
P.C. Chiy ◽  
C. J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Copper Absorption ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Sodium Supplementation

The presence of high concentrations of sodium in the mammalian small intestine plays a major role in facilitating copper absorption (e.g. Wapnir and Stiel, 1987). An experiment was conducted that investigated the medium and long-term effects of adding sodium to the diet of sheep on the copper accumulation in body tissues.

The effect of nutrition during early life on voluntary food intake by lambs between weaning and 2 years of age

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sibbald ◽  
G. C. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Body Condition Scores

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with Scottish Blackface lambs to investigate the effects of restricted nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on voluntary food intakes (VFI) between weaning and 2 years of age. Ewes were given diets providing 0·7 (LP) or 10 (HP) of their estimated metabolizable energy requirements during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy and subsequently grazed swards with mean sward surface heights of approximately 3 cm (LL) or 6 cm (HL) during lactation. All lambs were weaned at 17 weeks of age. In experiment 1, four treatment combinations (LP-LL, LP-HL, HP-LL and HP-HL) were applied and female lambs were studied. In experiment 2, two treatment combinations (LP-LL and HP-HL) were applied and male lambs were studied. In both experiments the lambs received a common level of nutrition between weaning and 2 years of age.In both experiments, mean live weights were proportionately 0·2 higher for HP-HL than for LP-LL lambs at weaning (P < 0·001) and in experiment 2 mean live weights and body condition scores were still higher in HP-HL than in LP-LL lambs at 2 years of age (P < 0·05). Abomasum weights were higher in HP than in LP lambs at birth and higher in HP-HL than in LP-LL lambs at weaning in experiment 1 and the weights of the rumen and dimensions of the rumen villi were greater in HP-HL than in LP-LL lambs at weaning in both experiments (P < 0·05). The treatments had no effect on lipid content or mean adipocyte diameter in the main fat depots at birth or weaning. There were no treatment effects on VFI in either experiment. It was concluded that restricted nutrition during late pregnancy and early lactation does not affect VFI between weaning and 2 years of age in sheep, even though there are differences in live weight and the development of the gastrointestinal tract at weaning and there may be long-term effects on live weight and body condition, particularly in male animals.

A Study on the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Hydrogen Chloride on Respiratory Response and Pulmonary Function and Morphology in the Baboon

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Kaplan ◽  
Walter G. Switzer ◽  
Robert K. Hinderer ◽  
Antonio Anzueto
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Concentrations

Because of its wide acceptance as a surrogate for man, the ba boon was used to investigate the acute and long-term effects of HCl in primates and to evaluate the validity of claims that humans are much more sensitive than rodents. Four groups of three anesthetized adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were exposed for 15 minutes to air (controls) or to one of three targeted concentrations of HCl, i.e., 500, 5000 or 10,000 ppm. The animals responded to the HCl atmospheres with an increase in respiratory frequency and minute volume, which appeared to be concentration-related and was statis tically significant in comparison of the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals with the controls. This increased ventilatory response to high concentrations of HCl appeared to be an attempt by the animals to compensate for the rapid decrease in arterial oxygen pressure probably caused by broncho-constriction of airways of the upper respiratory tract. Pulmonary function and CO 2 challenge response tests at three days and three, six, and twelve months' postexposure did not show any exposure-related, long-term effects except in the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals. These results were consistent with the absence of observed effects on breathing pattern and of significant respiratory tract pathology except in ani mals exposed to 10,000 ppm HCl. The results of this study indicate that deep lung penetration of HCl in primates is minimal, except at very high concentra tions, because of the effective removal (scrubbing) of HCl by the moist oral and nasal mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

scholarly journals SEASONAL RESPONSE OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TO OIL

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve K. Alexander ◽  
James W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Lower Plant

ABSTRACT Salt marsh plots located in Galveston Bay, Texas, were treated with oil during November and May, the respective periods of declining and increasing growth for Spartina alterniflora. Four oils (Arabian crude, Libyan crude, No. 6 fuel, and No. 2 fuel) were applied to plots in four ways: no oil (control), 1 liter (L) on sediment, 1.5 L on sediment and lower portions of S. alterniflora, and 2 L on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Live plant biomass and residual oil in sediment were determined periodically after oil treatment. Season did not influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to sediment and lower plant portions. In these cases, plant response was similar after November and May applications, with a reduction in live plant biomass observed only for No. 2 fuel oil. Season did influence S. alterniflora response to oil when applied to entire plant surfaces. Completely covering the plant typically caused a longer reduction in live plant biomass after the May application. Again, No. 2 fuel oil caused the greatest decrease in live plant biomass. Long-term effects on live plant biomass were observed through 12 months for No. 2 fuel oil and for complete plant coverage in May, but results of these observations were not related to high concentrations of residual oil in sediment. We believe that long-term effects were the result of initial adverse effects on roots, which slowed plant recovery.

Pig housing and human health

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
R. D. Watson ◽  
J. A. R. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractStudies in the USA, Sweden and the Netherlands have shown that workers in enclosed piggeries have high levels of respiratory injury, apparently caused or exacerbated by inhaled factors in their working environment. Three types of airborne hazard are known in piggeries — gases, dusts and infectious agents such as bacteria.Of the gases that accumulate in enclosed piggeries, carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide, are asphyxiating, while dihydrogen sulphide and ammonia are irritant and toxic. The long-term effects of exposure to subclinical concentrations of these gases and their rôle in producing chronic respiratory effects in workers are unknown.Studies have shown that organic dusts occur in enclosed piggeries at undesirably high concentrations and that a relatively high proportion of this dust is respirable. The components of these dusts consist mostly of fractions of foodstuffs and pig faeces but with significant amounts of pigskin and pig gut epithelial cells. Also microbes, especially fungi and bacteria, have been found to be numerous. Different components of piggery dust could be irritant, toxic, allergenic, inflammatory or infectious, and a single component could have more than one of these effects. Studies suggest that bacterial endotoxins are present in the dust of enclosed piggeries at concentrations that could induce respiratory diseases in workers.It is recommended that in designing piggeries more attention should be given to the health and comfort of piggery workers and that a survey be carried out immediately to assess the level of respiratory disease in British piggery workers. Also a greater effort should be put into the health education of piggery workers and managers and of those involved in piggery design. Practical and effective systems for the control of dust and gas levels in piggeries, and appropriate management techniques, need to be developed for new piggeries and for already constructed buildings, and the financial cost of poor control of dust and gas contaminants brought home to producers. Overall, a watching brief needs to be maintained on trends in the design and management of pig rearing systems for their likely impact on workers' health.

scholarly journals The Effect of Anesthesia on the Developing Brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy DeGrange
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Randomized Control Trials ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Anesthesia Providers ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
High Concentrations

Damage caused by administering general anesthetics to the developing brain in young children and pregnant mothers is of concern among practicing anesthesia providers. Studies using young rodents and non-human primates have shown that animals are susceptible to neurodegeneration when exposed to high concentrations of general anesthesia. Randomized control trials using rodents as subjects used behavioral and histological experiments to determine the adverse effects of general anesthetics including the inhalation agents desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in addition to intravenous ketamine. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the current literature to determine the effects these anesthetics pose on rodent subjects and how that translates into the human population. This systematic review was constructed using both PRISMA and ARRIVE as guidelines. A literature review was conducted and data was collected from each study. A cross-study analysis was created through data collected from each study by the author of this systematic review. The randomized control trials reviewed provide evidence that the types of inhalation and intravenous anesthesia agents studied can affect the developing brains of rodents. Anesthesia providers can use these results as a guide when administering anesthesia to infants, young children, and gravid mothers, however, more studies focusing on the long-term effects these agents have on children are warranted.

scholarly journals Long-term persistence of infectious Zika virus: Inflammation and behavioral sequela in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e1008689
Author(s):  
Derek D. C. Ireland ◽  
Mohanraj Manangeeswaran ◽  
Aaron P. Lewkowicz ◽  
Kaliroi Engel ◽  
Sarah M. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Sense Strand

The neurodevelopmental defects associated with ZIKV infections early in pregnancy are well documented, however the potential defects and long-term consequences associated with milder infections in late pregnancy and perinatal period are less well understood. To model these, we challenged 1 day old (P1) immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice with ZIKV. The animals developed a transient neurological syndrome including unsteady gait, kinetic tremors, severe ataxia and seizures 10–15 days post-infection (dpi) but symptoms subsided after a week, and most animals survived. Despite apparent recovery, MRI of convalescent mice show reduced cerebellar volume that correlates with altered coordination and motor function as well as hyperactivity and impulsivity. Persistent mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes including Cd80, Il-1α, and Ifn-γ together with Cd3, Cd8 and perforin (PrfA), suggested persistence of low-grade inflammation. Surprisingly, the brain parenchyma of convalescent mice harbor multiple small discrete foci with viral antigen, active apoptotic processes in neurons, and cellular infiltrates, surrounded by activated astrocytes and microglia as late as 1-year post-infection. Detection of negative-sense strand viral RNA and isolation of infectious virus derived from these convalescent mice by blinded passage in Vero cells confirmed long-term persistence of replicating ZIKV in CNS of convalescent mice. Although the infection appears to persist in defined reservoirs within CNS, the resulting inflammation could increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. This raises concern regarding possible long-term effects in asymptomatic children exposed to the virus and suggests that long-term neurological and behavioral monitoring as well as anti-viral treatment to clear virus from the CNS may be useful in patients exposed to ZIKV at an early age.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

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