Women's participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters?

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (877) ◽  
pp. 69-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Law

AbstractThe participation of women in the 1994 Rwandan genocide should be considered in the context of gender relations in pre-genocide Rwandan society. Many ‘ordinary’ women were involved in the genocide but, overall, committed significantly fewer acts of overt violence than men. Owing to the indirect nature of women's crimes, combined with male ‘chivalry’, women may be under-represented among those pursued for genocide-related crimes, despite the broad conception of complicity in Rwanda's Gacaca Law. Women in leadership positions played a particularly important role in the genocide, and gendered imagery, including of the ‘evil woman’ or ‘monster’, is often at play in their encounters with the law.

Gender and Urban Local Government in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 933-948
Author(s):  
Fardaus Ara
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban Local Government ◽  
Women In Decision Making

Empowerment of women is a universal slogan. Worldwide, several strategies are carried on by international organizations to ensure active participation of women in decision-making. Active participation at all level of politics is necessary in this regard. Likewise, the government of Bangladesh has adopted various programs and policies to ensure gender equality in all sectors of life. Relevant laws and ordinances are revised, and new provisions are incorporated in the laws where necessary. One-third seats are kept reserved for women to be elected at the urban local government. However, gender disparity is evident at this level. Women are mostly seen as reserved seat councilors. They are almost absent in the leadership positions. In Bangladesh, women's participation in local government politics is hampered due to multi-faceted factors ranging from socio-cultural to political. The male-dominating political parties can play a major role to bring gender parity in politics by nominating and supporting more women in the local government election.

Gender Relations in the Black Church

2021 ◽  
pp. 438-461
Author(s):  
Cynthia B. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
Black Church ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Church Leadership ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Church Of God ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Experiences Of Women ◽  
The Church

This chapter examines the lived experiences of women in the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) and presents a model for partnership in leadership with clerics and churchwomen. The model is based on the premise of the visionary founder and “Chief Apostle” of this denomination. Histories of churchwomen in this organization portray them as staunch supporters of ministries in the church. Women in leadership roles were defined by the founder as overseers—a term suggesting honorary prestige to women that was equal to clerical positions in the church. Following the death of the founder, however, churchwomen encountered barriers to leadership positions which lowered their status and authority thus impacting their inclusion, agency, and voice in matters of church leadership and governance.

Women's in Leadership Position “Issues and Challenges”

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Getachew Alebachew Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Key Informant Interview ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Women face multi-faceted challenges in participating in management position due to different factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that affect participation of women in leadership positions in Bahir dar city administration. To address this objective, the study adopted mixed research methods with descriptive survey design. A total of 190 women public civil servants were taken as a sample. Moreover, a key informant interview with women in leadership positions was conducted. In addition, FGD were also a very important data-gathering instrument for this study. The findings revealed that there are three major factors for women's low participation in leadership positions, i.e. institutional, socio-cultural and individual factors. Those factors have decisive contributions for low participation of women in leadership positions. With proper implementation of women's policies in the organization, equal treatment during assignment leadership positions, and creating awareness in society that woman are capable for leadership positions.

scholarly journals Gender (In)equality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Women's Participation in Coaching and Referee Positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League (2010-2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-261
Author(s):  
Julia Gravena Passero ◽  
Júlia Barreira ◽  
Anderson Calderani Junior ◽  
Larissa Rafaela Galatti
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Female Participation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Assistant Coaches ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Women's Basketball

The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of women in coaching and referee positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League, from the first edition of the championship (2010) to the present moment (2017). For this proposal, we analyzed the gender of the coaching staff and referee crews from all the matches played in this period. All data were collected from the official match reports, accessed at the League headquarters. The results showed that women represent 24% of the head coaches, and this proportion has remained stable over the past years. However, it was found that women’s participation as assistant coaches dropped from 88% (2010) to 34% (2017). Although, the participation actually increased for women in the positions of referee, umpire 1 and umpire 2, over the past seven years, these positions are still mostly occupied by men. A higher participation of women could be found in scorer and timekeeper positions, which also remained stable over the years. Although women's participation in sports, and specifically in elite Brazilian basketball, has been increasing in the last decades, the findings of this study showed that occupations for women, within basketball are still restricted to positions of less visibility. Men still mostly occupy the positions of leadership, as head coaches and referees. The results suggest the need for debate and proposals of policies, to promote female participation in different leadership positions in basketball. The aim of this study was to analyze the participation of women in coaching and referee positions in the Brazilian Women’s Basketball League, from the first edition of the championship (2010) to the present moment (2017). For this proposal, we analyzed the gender of the coaching staff and referee crews from all the matches played in this period. All data were collected from the official match reports, accessed at the League headquarters. The results showed that women represent 24% of the head coaches, and this proportion has remained stable over the past years. However, it was found that women’s participation as assistant coaches dropped from 88% (2010) to 34% (2017). Although, the participation actually increased for women in the positions of referee, umpire 1 and umpire 2, over the past seven years, these positions are still mostly occupied by men. A higher participation of women could be found in scorer and timekeeper positions, which also remained stable over the years. Although women's participation in sports, and specifically in elite Brazilian basketball, has been increasing in the last decades, the findings of this study showed that occupations for women, within basketball are still restricted to positions of less visibility. Men still mostly occupy the positions of leadership, as head coaches and referees. The results suggest the need for debate and proposals of policies, to promote female participation in different leadership positions in basketball.

Gender Relations, Gender Equity, and Community Sports Spaces

2020 ◽  
pp. 019372352096295
Author(s):  
Ruth Jeanes ◽  
Ramòn Spaaij ◽  
Karen Farquharson ◽  
Georgia McGrath ◽  
Jonathan Magee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Community Sports ◽  
The Impact

This study employs a spatial analysis to critically examine gender relations within an Australian football and netball community sports club that has sought to address gender inequity and promote the participation of women across the club. Notable changes included increased female representation in the club’s decision-making structures, growing numbers of female members, and the establishment of a women’s and girls’ football section. Using an in-depth case study that combined interviews and observations over a 6-month period, we investigated the impact these changes have had on transforming gender relations and in challenging perceptions of the club as a privileged space for its male members. The study utilized spatial and feminist theory to illustrate that, despite the club’s efforts to change gender relations, men who are able to embody dominant forms of masculinity (i.e., high ability and able-bodied) continue to be privileged within the club environment. The article highlights the importance of spatial analysis in illuminating the ways in which various micro-level practices preserve dominant gender relations within community sports. The findings reinforce that although a greater number of women and girls are participating in community sport, this alone is not significantly reshaping gender relations. Policies seeking to promote gender equity in sport need to enforce changes in club environments in addition to focusing on increasing women’s participation.

Women's in Leadership Position “Issues and Challenges”

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Getachew Alebachew Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Key Informant Interview ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Women face multi-faceted challenges in participating in management position due to different factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that affect participation of women in leadership positions in Bahir dar city administration. To address this objective, the study adopted mixed research methods with descriptive survey design. A total of 190 women public civil servants were taken as a sample. Moreover, a key informant interview with women in leadership positions was conducted. In addition, FGD were also a very important data-gathering instrument for this study. The findings revealed that there are three major factors for women's low participation in leadership positions, i.e. institutional, socio-cultural and individual factors. Those factors have decisive contributions for low participation of women in leadership positions. With proper implementation of women's policies in the organization, equal treatment during assignment leadership positions, and creating awareness in society that woman are capable for leadership positions.

scholarly journals Single Women Involved in Entrepreneurship Negatively Affected by Gender and Marital Status as Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Brown Chomba
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Single Women ◽  
The Political ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Full Participation

Issues to do with gender imbalances and inequality of women in general and single women in particular in the political arena and entrepreneurship are nowadays a burning issue in all the countries worldwide. This is a major aspect of modern democratic governance such that low levels of female participation in politics are a major concern worldwide. The steps were taken by the United Nations Convention on stopping all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and other international organizations have laid the concrete basis for the emergence of women’s participation in politics and entrepreneurship. In Lusaka, Zambia, women’s political participation is not proportional to the 50% of the country’s population which women represent, thereby not translating into equal representation in political leadership positions. The study employed questionnaires to collect data. The findings demonstrate that there exists a significant gender gap in the political participation of women in all the wards in the Lusaka district and that factors affecting their effective participation were social, economic, political, cultural, and religious-based. The study, therefore, recommended the change of perception of the people, equal representation in governance, support from everyone, and also stopping of discriminatory practices to ensure the equal and full participation of women.

African Women in Leadership

2021 ◽  
pp. 398-417
Author(s):  
Terri R. Lituchy ◽  
Bella L. Galperin ◽  
Lemayon Melyoki ◽  
Thomas Senaji ◽  
Betty Jane Punnett
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
African Women ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Participation

This chapter considers African women's participation in leadership and their views on effective leadership. The literature suggests that African women remain underrepresented in leadership roles, although participation rates are increasing. African women are well represented as entrepreneurs, in the less profitable informal sector, and are increasingly found in political spheres. The LEAD research shows men and women holding similar views regarding effective leadership. Preliminary results suggest that traditional views about leadership, which held women back, may be changing. This is a positive development, as society will benefit from the leadership skills of women. Efforts by African governments to mandate percentages of women in leadership positions may have an effect on government as well as business. Africa, however, is a large continent with parts of its population residing in rural areas where traditions continue. Consequently, more research is needed to understand developments regarding the involvement of women in leadership to inform policy and influence practice.

scholarly journals Signaling Value through Gender Diversity: Evidence from Initial Coin Offerings

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Alexander Guzmán ◽  
Cristian Pinto-Gutiérrez ◽  
María-Andrea Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Positive Signal ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Initial Coin Offerings

We analyze women’s participation and the effects of team gender diversity on initial coin offering (ICO) success measured by the total funding amount raised in the actual ICO and the project’s long-term survival. Using a database featuring 875 initial coin offerings between 2017 and 2019, we find that women are significantly under-represented in ICO projects (on average, only 13% of team members are women). However, for projects that do have participation of women, we find that team gender diversity increases the total funding raised in the ICO. Moreover, when we separate team members into areas of expertise or roles in the project, we find that the presence of women in critical positions, such as being a founder or having financial or legal responsibilities, significantly reduces the likelihood of long-term coin failure. Our results are consistent with the notion that investors perceive women’s participation in leadership positions as a positive signal of desirable organizational practices that will translate into better performance. Our results are also consistent with the idea that having women, who abide by ethical values and are less prone to fraud, reduces the likelihood that informationally opaque ICOs turn out to be scams.

scholarly journals Women's Participation in Local Union Leadership: The Massachusetts Experience

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Melcher ◽  
Jennifer L. Eichstedt ◽  
Shelley Eriksen ◽  
Dan Clawson
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Local Union ◽  
Union Leadership ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Union Leaders

A 1989 survey of leaders of a sample of Massachusetts AFL-CIO-affiliated union locals indicates that although women are represented in these union locals' leadership in numbers nearly proportional to the female percentage of membership, they are under-represented in the most influential positions. Women are over-represented as secretaries and seriously under-represented as presidents; they chair many committees, but rarely the key grievance or negotiations committees. Minority women appear to be even more under-represented in leadership positions than are white women. Both male and female union leaders said they would like to see more women in leadership, but most of the men did not seem to view the need for more female leaders as urgent, since they indicated that women's issues were adequately represented by male leaders.

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