Early growth and changes in blood pressure during adult life

Previous studies suggest that the inverse association between birth weight and adult blood pressure amplifies with age. Rapid childhood growth has also been linked to hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether the association between childhood growth and adult blood pressure amplifies with age. The study comprised 574 women and 462 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study who attended a clinical study in 2001–2004 and a follow-up in 2006–2008. Mean age at the clinic visits was 61.5 and 66.4 years, respectively. Blood pressure was measured at both occasions. Conditional growth models were used to assess relative weight gain and linear growth. We studied the associations between conditional growth and blood pressure as well as the presence of hypertension. Relative weight gain and linear growth between ages 2 and 11 years were inversely associated with systolic blood pressure at mean age 66.4 years, after adjustment for sex, blood pressure at mean age 61.5 years, as well as other covariates. A one s.d. increase in linear growth between 2 and 11 years was associated with an OR of 0.61 for hypertension at mean age 66.4 years. Contrary to previous studies, we have shown an inverse association between childhood growth and adult blood pressure. There were, however, no associations between childhood growth and systolic blood pressure at mean age 61.5 years indicating that the beneficial effects of a more rapid than expected childhood growth might become more apparent with increasing age.

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Early Weight Gain, Linear Growth, and Mid-Childhood Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06635 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 301-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Wei Perng ◽

Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman ◽

Michael S. Kramer ◽

Line K. Haugaard ◽

Emily Oken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Birth Size ◽

Z Score ◽

Score Gain

In recent years, the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension increased markedly among children and adolescents, highlighting the importance of identifying determinants of elevated blood pressure early in life. Low birth weight and rapid early childhood weight gain are associated with higher future blood pressure. However, few studies have examined the timing of postnatal weight gain in relation to later blood pressure, and little is known regarding the contribution of linear growth. We studied 957 participants in Project Viva, an ongoing US prebirth cohort. We examined the relations of gains in body mass index z-score and length/height z-score during 4 early life age intervals (birth to 6 months, 6 months to 1 year, 1 to 2 years, and 2 to 3 years) with blood pressure during mid-childhood (6–10 years) and evaluated whether these relations differed by birth size. After accounting for confounders, each additional z-score gain in body mass index during birth to 6 months and 2 to 3 years was associated with 0.81 (0.15, 1.46) and 1.61 (0.33, 2.89) mm Hg higher systolic blood pressure, respectively. Length/height gain was unrelated to mid-childhood blood pressure, and there was no evidence of effect modification by birth size for body mass index or length/height z-score gain. Our findings suggest that more rapid gain in body mass index during the first 6 postnatal months and in the preschool years may lead to higher systolic blood pressure in mid-childhood, regardless of size at birth. Strategies to reduce accrual of excess adiposity during early life may reduce mid-childhood blood pressure, which may also impact adult blood pressure and cardiovascular health.

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Associations of birth weight, linear growth and relative weight gain throughout life with abdominal fat depots in adulthood: the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/ijo.2015.192 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 14-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

G V Araújo de França ◽

E De Lucia Rolfe ◽

B L Horta ◽

D P Gigante ◽

J S Yudkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Abdominal Fat ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Fat Depots

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Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-74863-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javier I. Ottaviani ◽

Abigail Britten ◽

Debora Lucarelli ◽

Robert Luben ◽

Angela A. Mulligan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Lower Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Salt Reduction

Abstract Flavan-3-ols are a group of bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve vascular function in intervention studies. They are therefore of great interest for the development of dietary recommendation for the prevention of cardio-vascular diseases. However, there are currently no reliable data from observational studies, as the high variability in the flavan-3-ol content of food makes it difficult to estimate actual intake without nutritional biomarkers. In this study, we investigated cross-sectional associations between biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake and blood pressure and other CVD risk markers, as well as longitudinal associations with CVD risk in 25,618 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk cohort. High flavan-3-ol intake, achievable as part of an habitual diet, was associated with a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (− 1.9 (− 2.7; − 1.1) mmHg in men and − 2.5 (− 3.3; − 1.8) mmHg in women; lowest vs highest decile of biomarker), comparable to adherence to a Mediterranean Diet or moderate salt reduction. Subgroup analyses showed that hypertensive participants had stronger inverse association between flavan-3-ol biomarker and systolic blood pressure when compared to normotensive participants. Flavanol intake could therefore have a role in the maintenance of cardiovascular health on a population scale.

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Synergistic Impact of Systolic Blood Pressure and Perfusion Status on Mortality in Acute Heart Failure

Circulation Heart Failure ◽

10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xavier Rossello ◽

Héctor Bueno ◽

Víctor Gil ◽

Javier Jacob ◽

Francisco Javier Martín-Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Physical Examination ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Acute Heart Failure ◽

Positive Association ◽

Prognostic Impact ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Short Term Mortality

Background: Physical examination remains the cornerstone in the assessment of acute heart failure. There is a lack of adequately powered studies assessing the combined impact of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and hypoperfusion on short-term mortality. Methods: Patients with acute heart failure from 41 Spanish emergency departments were recruited consecutively in 3 time periods between 2011 and 2016. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of 30-day mortality with SBP (<90, 90–109, 110–129, and ≥130 mm Hg) and with manifestations of hypoperfusion (cold skin, cutaneous pallor, delayed capillary refill, livedo reticularis, and mental confusion) at admission. Results: Among 10 979 patients, 1143 died within the first 30 days (10.2%). There was an inverse association between 30-day mortality and initial SBP (35.4%, 18.9%, 12.4%, and 7.5% for SBP<90, SBP 90–109, SBP 110–129, and SBP≥130 mm Hg, respectively; P <0.001) and a positive association with hypoperfusion (8.0%, 14.8%, and 27.6% for those with none, 1, ≥2 signs/symptoms of hypoperfusion, respectively; P <0.001). After adjustment for 11 risk factors, the prognostic impact of hypoperfusion on 30-day mortality varied across SBP categories: SBP≥130 mm Hg (odds ratio [OR]=1.03 [95% CI, 0.77–1.36] and OR=1.18 [95% CI, 0.86–1.62] for 1 and ≥2 compared with 0 manifestations of hypoperfusion), SBP 110 to 129 mm Hg (OR=1.23 [95% CI, 0.86–1.77] and OR=2.18 [95% CI, 1.44–3.31], respectively), SBP 90 to 109 mm Hg (OR=1.29 [95% CI, 0.79–2.10] and OR=2.24 [95% CI, 1.36–3.66], respectively), and SBP<90 mm Hg (OR=1.34 [95% CI, 0.45–4.01] and OR=3.22 [95% CI, 1.30–7.97], respectively); P -for-interaction =0.043. Conclusions: Hypoperfusion confers an incremental risk of 30-day all-cause mortality not only in patients with low SBP but also in normotensive patients. On admission, physical examination plays a major role in determining prognosis in patients with acute heart failure.

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Elevation of systolic blood pressure in an animal model of olanzapine induced weight gain

European Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.009 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 551 (1-3) ◽

pp. 112-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Basanagouda M. Patil ◽

Nagaraj M. Kulkarni ◽

Banappa S. Unger

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Animal Model ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure

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Moderate zinc restriction during fetal and postnatal growth of rats: effects on adult arterial blood pressure and kidney

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00050.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 295 (2) ◽

pp. R543-R549 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Analía Lorena Tomat ◽

Felipe Inserra ◽

Luciana Veiras ◽

María Constanza Vallone ◽

Ana María Balaszczuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Zinc Deficiency ◽

Control Diet ◽

Adult Life ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

End Products

Intrauterine and postnatal zinc restriction may result in an adverse environment for the development of cardiovascular and renal systems. This study evaluated the effects of moderate zinc deficiency during fetal life, lactation, and/or postweaning growth on systolic blood pressure, renal function, and morphology in adult life. Female Wistar rats received low (8 ppm) or control (30 ppm) zinc diets from the beginning of pregnancy up to weaning. After weaning, male offspring of each group of mothers were fed low or control zinc diet. Systolic blood pressure, creatinine clearance, proteinuria, renal morphology, renal apoptosis. and renal oxidative stress state were evaluated after 60 days. Zinc deficiency during pre- and postweaning growth induced an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate associated with a reduction in the number and size of nephrons. Activation of renal apoptosis, reduction in catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione levels and increase in lipid peroxidation end products could explain these morphometric changes. Zinc deficiency through pre- and postweaning growth induced more pronounced renal alteration than postweaning zinc deficiency. These animals showed signs of renal fibrosis, proteinuria, increased renal apoptosis, and higher lipid peroxidation end products. A control diet during postweaning growth did not totally overcome renal oxidative stress damage, apoptosis, and fibrosis induced by zinc deficiency before weaning. In conclusion, zinc deficiency during a critical period of renal development and maturation could induce functional and morphological alterations that result in elevated blood pressure and renal dysfunction in adult life.

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Life Course Path Analysis of Birth Weight, Childhood Growth, and Adult Systolic Blood Pressure

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwp047 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 169 (10) ◽

pp. 1167-1178 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

M. Gamborg ◽

P. K. Andersen ◽

J. L. Baker ◽

E. Budtz-Jorgensen ◽

T. Jorgensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Life Course ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Childhood Growth

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Relative Weight Gain Through Age 4 Years Is Associated with Increased Adiposity, and Higher Blood Pressure and Insulinemia at 4–5 Years of Age in Mexican Children

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxy068 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 148 (7) ◽

pp. 1135-1143 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ivonne Ramirez-Silva ◽

Juan A Rivera ◽

Belem Trejo-Valdivia ◽

Aryeh D Stein ◽

Reynaldo Martorell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Risk Markers ◽

Z Score ◽

Mexican Children ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Z Scores ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Markers

AbstractBackgroundRapid early weight gain has been associated with increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic alterations, but evidence in low and middle-income countries is inconclusive.ObjectiveWe evaluated the relation between relative weight gain from 1 to 48 mo with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 4–5 y of age, and determined if adiposity is a mediator for cardiometabolic alterations.MethodsWe studied 428 Mexican children with anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) information from birth to 5 y of age from POSGRAD (Prenatal Omega-3 fatty acid Supplementation and child GRowth And Development), of whom 334 provided measures of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers at 4 y. We estimated relative weight gain by means of conditional weight-for-height z scores for the age intervals 1–6, 6–12, 12–24, and 24–48 mo. Associations between relative weight gain and adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers (lipid profile, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, and BP) were analyzed by multivariate multiple linear models and path analysis.ResultsA 1-unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z score within each age interval was positively associated with adiposity at 5 y, with coefficients of 0.43–0.89 for body mass index (BMI) z score, 1.08–3.65 mm for sum of skinfolds, and 1.21–3.87 cm for abdominal circumference (all P < 0.01). Positive associations were documented from ages 6 to 48 mo with systolic BP (coefficient ranges: 1.19–1.78 mm Hg; all P < 0.05) and from ages 12 to 48 mo with diastolic BP (1.28–0.94 mm Hg; P < 0.05) at 5 y. Conditional weight-for-height z scores at 12–24 and 24–48 mo of age were more strongly associated with adiposity and BP relative to younger ages. A unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z scores from 12 to 24 mo was associated with 14% higher insulin levels (P < 0.05) at 4 y. Path analyses documented that the associations of conditional weight gain with BP were mediated by BMI and sum of skinfolds.ConclusionRelative weight gain at most periods during the first 4 y of life was associated with greater adiposity and higher systolic and diastolic BP at 5 y. These associations with BP were mediated by adiposity. Relative weight gain from 12 to 24 mo was associated with increased serum insulin concentrations at 4 y, but there were no associations with lipid profiles or glucose concentration.

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