Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale: Adaptation to Spanish

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Boada-Grau ◽  
José Carlos Sánchez-García ◽  
Eric Viardot ◽  
Maria Boada-Cuerva ◽  
Andreu Vigil-Colet
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Entrepreneurial Motivations ◽  
Original Scale

AbstractEntrepreneurship is linked to the perception of opportunities, to orientation, to attitudes, to the fear of failure and to entrepreneurial motivations. Entrepreneurial orientation is a fundamental construct for understanding the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. What is more, it is multidimensional and has attracted considerable attention from researchers in recent years. The objective of this study was to adapt the original 12-item English scale to Spanish and to analyze its psychometric properties. The participants in the present study were 925 Spanish employees (48.2% men, 51.5% women, M age = 42.49 years, SD age = 11.25) from the Autonomous Communities of Catalonia and Castilla-León. After applying an ESEM (RMSEA = .06; CFI = .97 and TLI = .95) a structure was determined made up of four factors which corroborated the structure of the original scale: Autonomy (α = .71 and CI = .68 – .73), Innovativeness (α = .70 and CI = .67 – .73), Risk Taking (α = .72 and CI = .68 – .74) and Competitive Aggressiveness (α = .70 and CI = .67 – .73). The four factors displayed suitable reliability. The study also found evidences of validity in relation to a series of external correlates and various scales which refer to workaholism, irritation and burnout. The scale presented here may prove useful for satisfactorily identifying, in Spanish, the entrepreneurial orientation of the working population.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs’ executives in the comparative perspective for Czechia and Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ključnikov ◽  
Mehmet Civelek ◽  
Petr Čech ◽  
Jitka Kloudová
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Financial Power

Research background: The executives of SMEs that have higher innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy dynamize the strategic posture of SMEs, thus, those firms can reach better financial and economic conditions. However, existence of many differences among countries, such as cultural values and market conditions, can cause variations in EO of these executives. Therefore, this fact can be one of the reasons why the performance and financial power of SMEs differ in various countries.  Purpose of the article: This study aspires to find out the differences in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of younger and older, female and male, and more and less educated executives of SMEs from various countries. Methods: 1141 Czech and 479 Turkish executives were analyzed separately by the Mann-Whitney U test, to find out the differences in EO. The researcher ran the analyzes by SPSS Statistical Software. Findings & Value added: The results indicate that risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness of the executives differ regarding their gender, while innovativeness, proactiveness and autonomy do not. While there are significant differences between proactiveness, autonomy and innovativeness of older and younger executives, no differences exist in risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness. Regarding educational status, more educated executives perform better in innovativeness, proactiveness and autonomy, while less educated executives have higher propensities in risk taking and competitive aggressiveness. Masculinity, fear of failure, perception of obstacles, motivation of SMEs’ executives and location of businesses might be the reasons of these results. By including the survey respondents from different countries and all dimensions of EO into the analyses, this study finds similarities and differences in gender, age and education levels and of SMEs’ executives and their EO. This research also suggests some policies for governments and institutions to close the gap between EO of the executives. These facts not only make this research to unique, but also constitute a valuable addition to the literature.

Should Fast-Food Franchisees Pursue Entrepreneurial Orientation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Asgharian ◽  
Misagh Tasavori ◽  
Jim Andersén
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Business Systems ◽  
Unidimensional Construct ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Although it is widely accepted that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) improves firm performance, scholars have advised that particular attention should be paid to the context. In this research, we investigate a less explored context of franchising where business systems and procedures are usually dictated to franchisees by franchisors. Therefore, whether a franchisor should allow franchisees to pursue EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) is not clear. In the context of franchising, the majority of prior studies have mainly focused on the employment of EO as a unidimensional construct and at the franchisor level. In this research, we take a bottom-up perspective and evaluate the impact of different dimensions of EO on franchisees’ performance. Our analysis of a multi-group of 183 restaurant franchisees located in Sweden and Iran reveals that only the pursuit of proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness improves a franchisee’s performance and other dimensions do not play a significant role in improving performance in this context.

Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale: A Multi-Country Analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Kreiser ◽  
Louis D. Marino ◽  
K. Mark Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Cultural Validity ◽  
Dimensional Measure ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Orientation Scale

This study utilized data from 1,067 firms In six countries to clarify the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) measure. The first research question addressed dimensionality and explored whether EO achieved the best model fit when structured as a one-, two-, or three-dimensional measure. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL supported modeling entrepreneurial orientation with three sub-dimensions: innovation, proactiveness, and risk-taking. The second research question addressed the extent to which the three sub-dimensions of the entrepreneurial orientation measure co-varied with one another. Correlation analysis revealed that the three sub-dimensions of EO are able to vary independently of one another in many situations. This study also provided strong support for the cross-cultural validity of the Covin and Slevin EO scale.

scholarly journals Relevance of Entrepreneurial Orientation and its Effect on the Performance of Smes in Asaba, Delta State

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Marcus EKURE ◽  
EDWARD OGBONNIA ELEJE
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Entrepreneurial Training ◽  
The Relationship

The study investigated the relevance of entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Delta State. Other specific objectives are to determine the relationship between proactiveness and SMEs performance; to assess the connection between competitive aggressiveness and SMEs performance; to ascertain the connection between risk-taking and SMEs performance. A cross sectional research design was adopted for the study. A structured questionnaire was developed to elicit data from respondents for the study. This study specifically focused on relationship between proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, innovativeness and the relationship between risk-taking and SMEs performance. All the staff of selected SMEs were sampled. The analytical technique used for hypotheses testing was the chi-square, using Stata version 13. Findings revealed that, all variables used in this study had a significant and positive relationship with performance of SMEs. Thus, the study concludes that entrepreneurial orientation has a significant relationship with performance of Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs). This study therefore recommends amongst others that more intensive entrepreneurial training and practice be done by students in tertiary institutions as there seems to be no job waiting for graduates among the teeming youths we have in Nigeria today.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Orientation in Micro and Small Enterprises of Traditional Food Centers in Bandung, West Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Margo Purnomo ◽  
Erwin Permana ◽  
Achsanul Qosasi ◽  
Ahmad Fajri Febrian ◽  
Asep Miftahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Micro And Small Enterprises

The research objective was to analyze the determninant factors of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) in the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) of the traditional food centers in Bandung. It used the EO dimension at the organizational level. Five dimensions were used to measure the EO level, namely risk-taking, innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, proactiveness, and autonomy. The questionare’s was distributed to eight MSEs in Bandung. The sample size is 100 employee Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis techniques with Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to test the samples. This research shows that the EO level in the micro and small enterprises in the traditional food centers in Bandung is at a moderate level. Although EO of MSEs in the traditional food centers in Bandung is in the moderate category, the results of testing on the EO model find out that each EO dimension forms a significant EO construct. The four dominant and recommended dimensions forming an EO construct in MSEs are risk-taking, innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, and proactiveness. Among the four dimensions, risk-taking is the dominant dimension. It indicates that courage in taking risks in MSEs is a natural characteristic of the EO in the traditional food centers in Bandung.

scholarly journals Examining the Moderating Effect of Environmental Hostility on the Entrepreneurial Orientation -Performance Relationship

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6(J)) ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Neneh Brownhilder
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Environmental Hostility ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract: While the EO-performance nexus has received extensive attention in entrepreneurship literature, other studies suggest that the magnitude of this relationship is dependent upon the external environment and internal organizational processes. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of EO (innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy and competitive aggressiveness) on SME performance, as well as to examine the moderating effect of environmental hostility on the EO-performance relationship in South Africa. The study showed thatwhile innovativeness and proactiveness does not have a significant effect on SME performance; risk taking propensity, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy have a significant positive effect on SME performance. It was also seen that while the risk taking-performance relationship is negatively moderated by environmental hostility, the competitive aggressiveness-performance relationship is positively moderated by environmental hostility. This suggest the need for SMEs to always align their business strategies with appropriate EO dimensions to mitigate some of the negative consequences of operating in hostile business environments and improve the performance of their businesses. Keywords: Entrepreneurial orientation, SME performance, Environmental Hostility, South Africa

Determinant Analysis of Entrepreneurial Orientation in Business Organisations.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Bulky Maharsa ◽  
Abdul Rahman Kadir ◽  
Andi Nur Baumassepe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Full Power ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness

The purpose of this study is to analyze the measurement of the entrepreneurial orientation (X) ​​derived from innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness factors. This research is explanatory research with quantitative methods. The population in this study were all food and beverage SME owners in Makassar City. The number of samples was determined as many as 99 respondents with a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. The analytical tool used is partial Least Square (PLS). The results showed that entrepreneurial orientation was measured positively and significantly by Innovativeness. The best indicator for forming an innovativeness variable is X1.1 (focusing on product innovation rather than product/service marketing) because it has the highest loading value. Entrepreneurial orientation is measured positively and significantly by risk-taking. The best indicator forming the risk-taking variable is X2.1 (brave in taking new opportunities despite having a high risk) because it has the highest loading value. Entrepreneurial orientation is measured positively and significantly proactiveness. The best indicator forming the proactiveness variable is X3.2 (being the first compared to competitors in introducing new products and new services) because it has the highest loading value. Entrepreneurial orientation is measured autonomously positively and significantly. The best indicator [form the autonomy variable is X4.3 (has full power in determining the steps to run a business) because it has the highest loading value. Entrepreneurial orientation is measured by competitive aggressiveness in a positive and significant way. The best indicator forming the competitive aggressiveness variable is X5.2 (not afraid to face business competitors) because it has the highest loading value.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Orientation of Male and Female Entrepreneurs in Small Firms

TEM Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1307-1313
Author(s):  
Janka Betáková ◽  
Małgorzata Okreglicka ◽  
Katarína Havierniková
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Research Studies

Many research studies indicate differences in the activities of small enterprises run by female and male entrepreneurs. These differences also apply to shaping entrepreneurial orientation. The main aim of the paper is to identify the entrepreneurial orientation in dimensions of autonomy, innovation, risk-taking, different level of proactivity, and competitive aggressiveness in relation to the gender of the entrepreneurs. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among 220 small enterprises in Poland. The research showed a similar level of entrepreneurial orientation in the observed dimensions and the positive correlation between entrepreneurial orientation and the economic performance of enterprises in both studied groups.

scholarly journals The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Budiatmo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness

Performance improvement can be achieved if the organization can exploit and use its resources. One of the resources needed to achieve competitive advantage is entrepreneurial orientation. The entrepreneurial orientation helps organizations continuously create value chains by converting knowledge to be innovative and more competitive. The purpose of this research is to create innovation through entrepreneurial orientation. This study uses a quantitative approach with survey methods in data collection. The research location is in Kampung-Laweyan as the largest batik craft center in Solo. Samples were taken as many as 50 SMEs and analyzed using regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that innovativeness, risk-taking, and competitive aggressiveness have a positive and significant effect on innovation. The Proactive dimension has a positive but insignificant effect on the innovation variable. The Autonomy dimension has a negative and insignificant effect on the innovation variable. Suggestions for further research are that it is necessary to analyze the use of technology, especially for SMEs in anticipating uncertain conditions due to the Covid-19 Pandemic

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial education and individual entrepreneurial orientation: an experts’ perspective. An empirical Delphi study

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Daniella Da Silva Teles ◽  
Cecile Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
Chris Schachtebeck
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Education ◽  
Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Competitive Aggressiveness ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Do So

Individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) has been defined as the ability to psychologically understand the reasons why individuals choose to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, for individuals to start these much-needed business ventures, they must be oriented to do so upon completion of their studies. Entrepreneurial education (EE) might directly influence whether students decide to pursue an entrepreneurial venture based on the knowledge and skills, which they feel they have accumulated through their studies. A Delphi study was performed to determine how the EE, being received by university students, in the context of Scotland and South Africa, may influence them to choose an entrepreneurial career. The data were obtained from 16 academic experts, eight from South African universities and eight from Scottish universities. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis. IEO has been studied using the five original dimensions, namely, innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness. However, the results reveal that only three of the five IEO dimensions are prevalent when aligning to a student’s entrepreneurial behaviour. The results also reveal that EE should ensure that practical teachings receive more attention than theoretical teachings. This study may assist universities to better prepare their curriculums to include teachings that will improve the IEO of students.

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