Germination and emergence of common beggar’s-tick (Bidens alba) seeds at two different stages of afterripening as affected by environmental factors

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Shaun M. Sharpe ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine the effect of various environmental factors and burial depth on germination and seedling emergence of common beggar’s-tick [Bidens alba (L.) DC.] seeds at two different stages of afterripening. Mature B. alba seeds were stored at 4 C for 3 to 5 mo (new seed lot) and 13 to 15 mo (old seed lot) until experiment initiation. Germination exponentially decreased with increasing moisture stress. Germination rate decreased from 87 ± 2.9% to 13 ± 6.1% as osmotic potential decreased from 0 to −0.5 MPa and was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials below −0.83 MPa. A large portion of the new seeds tested positively photoblastic, but seeds that had afterripened for 1 additional year were partially desensitized to the light requirement. New and old seeds still germinated to a greater percentage in the presence of light than under continuous dark at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 C. Both new and old seeds germinated over a range of temperatures from 5 to 35 C, but the optimum temperatures for germination was 15 to 30 C in the presence of light. Regardless of seed lot, seedling emergence was the greatest when seeds were sown at the soil surface. Seedling emergence was abruptly reduced when burial depth was 1 cm or greater. Based on these results, we conclude that shallow cultivation could effectively suppress this population of B. alba from emerging when incorporated into an integrated control strategy. The information obtained in this research identifies some important factors that facilitate the widespread presence of B. alba in Florida and may contribute to weed management programs.

scholarly journals Germination Ecology of Brachiaria eruciformis in Australia and Its Implications for Weed Management

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ahmadreza Mobli ◽  
Mahboobeh Mollaee ◽  
Sudheesh Manalil ◽  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
The World ◽  
Noxious Weed

Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb. is a noxious weed of Australia and other parts of the world. The effects of different environmental conditions on the seed germination and seedling emergence of three biotypes sourced from different cropping systems (mungbean field, sorghum field, and fenceline) of this weed were evaluated. There were no differences in the response of biotypes to the evaluated factors; therefore, the data was pooled across the biotypes. The highest germination rate was observed at 30/20 °C, and seeds germinated both in light and dark conditions. Seed germination was influenced by different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations and water potentials, and no seeds germinated at 200 mM NaCl and −0.8 MPa water potential. Seeds germinated (>70%) at a broad range of pH, from 4 to 10. Compared with seeds sown on the soil surface, a burial depth of 4 cm reduced the seedling emergence by 84%. Similarly, a sorghum residue amount of 4 t ha−1 on the soil surface reduced the seedling emergence by 65%, compared with no sorghum residue cover. No seedlings emerged from seeds buried at 8 cm depth and >4 t ha−1 sorghum residue. This study suggests that burying seeds deep into the soil through tillage or employing a residue cover on the soil surface can reduce B. eruciformis emergence.

Germination Ecology of Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and India Crabgrass (Digitaria longiflora): Two Important Weeds of Rice in Tropics

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
David E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Wide Range

Southern and India crabgrass are important grass weeds of rice in many tropical countries. Environmental factors influenced seed germination and seedling emergence of these weeds. Seeds of both species germinated at a range of alternating temperatures (25/15, 30/20, and 35/25 C day/night), though the germination of southern crabgrass was reduced at the lowest alternating temperatures (25/15 C). Light stimulated germination of both species; however, a small proportion of southern crabgrass seeds germinated in the dark. Germination of India crabgrass was influenced to a greater degree by increasing salt and water stresses than was southern crabgrass. Seeds of both species germinated over a wide range of pH between 5 and 10. Seedling emergence of both species (98% for southern crabgrass and 94% for India crabgrass) was greatest for seeds placed on the soil surface. Seed burial depth of 2 cm completely inhibited emergence of India crabgrass, whereas for southern crabgrass, this depth was 8 cm. Knowledge gained from this study is expected to contribute to developing components of integrated weed management strategies for these species.

Effect of Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence of Shortawn Foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis)

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhao ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Wenlei Guo ◽  
Lele Zhang ◽  
Lu’an Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Wide Range

Shortawn foxtail is an invasive grass weed infesting winter wheat and canola production in China. A better understanding of the germination ecology of shortawn foxtail would help to develop better control strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to evaluate the effects of various abiotic factors, including temperature, light, pH, osmotic stress, salt concentration, and planting depth, on seed germination and seedling emergence of shortawn foxtail. The results showed that the seed germination rate was greater than 90% over a wide range of constant (5 to 25C) and alternating (15/5 to 35/25C) temperatures. Maximum germination occurred at 20C or 25/15C, and no germination occurred at 35C. Light did not appear to have any effect on seed germination. Shortawn foxtail germination was 27% to 99% over a pH range of 4 to 10, and higher germination was obtained at alkaline pH values ranging from 7 to 10. Seed germination was sensitive to osmotic potential and completely inhibited at an osmotic potential of −0.6 MPa, but it was tolerant to salinity: germination even occurred at 200 mM NaCl (5%). Seedling emergence was highest (98%) when seeds were placed on the soil surface but declined with the increasing burial depth. No seedlings emerged when seeds were buried 6-cm deep. Deep tillage could be an effective measure to limit seed germination from increased burial depth. The results of this study will lead to a better understanding of the requirements for shortawn foxtail germination and emergence and will provide information that could contribute to its control.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Factors on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Lei Chu ◽  
Yiping Gao ◽  
Lingling Chen ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
David Jespersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is cultivated as a forage crop and planted in various landscapes for soil conservation. There are numerous reports of failed white clover stands each year. A good understanding of the seed germination biology of white clover in relation to environmental factors is essential to achieve successful stand establishment. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of light, temperature, planting depth, drought, and salt stress on seed germination and the emergence of white clover. White clover is negatively photoblastic, and seed germination averaged 63 and 66% under light and complete dark conditions 4 weeks after planting (WAP), respectively. Temperature affected the seed germination speed and rate. At 1 WAP, seeds incubated at 15 to 25 °C demonstrated a significantly higher germination rate than the low temperatures at 5 and 10 °C; however, the germination rate did not differ among the temperature treatments at 4 WAP. The results suggest that white clover germination decreases with increasing sowing depths, and the seeds should be sown on the soil surface or shallowly buried at a depth ≤1 cm to achieve an optimal emergence. White clover seeds exhibited high sensitivity to drought and salinity stress. The osmotic potential and NaCl concentration required to inhibit 50% seed germination were −0.19 MPa and 62.4 mM, respectively. Overall, these findings provide quantifiable explanations for inconsistent establishment observed in field conditions. The results obtained in this research can be used to develop effective planting strategies and support the successful establishment of white clover stands.

scholarly journals Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Response to Herbicides of Triquetrous Murdannia (Murdannia triquetra) in Rice

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Tang ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Jianping Zhang ◽  
Yongliang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Dark Regime

Triquetrous murdannia is an annual weed commonly found in rice fields in China. Laboratory and screenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effect of light, temperature, osmotic and salt stress, seed burial depth, amount of rice residue, and depth of flooding on seed germination and seedling emergence of triquetrous murdannia and to evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available POST herbicides in China. Germination was greater than 93% under a wide day/night temperature range of 20/10 to 30/20 C in the light/dark regime. The time to onset of germination decreased as temperature increased. Germination was slightly stimulated when seeds were placed in light/dark conditions compared with seeds placed in the dark. The osmotic potential and NaCl concentration required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were −0.5 MPa and 122 mM, respectively. The highest germination (68%) was observed from seeds sown on the soil surface, but decreased with increasing burial depth. Only 7% of seedlings emerged from a depth of 4 cm, and no seedlings emerged from seeds buried deeper than 6 cm. Seedling emergence decreased from 93 to 35% with increasing quantity of rice residue (1 to 6 103kg ha−1) applied on the soil surface. Seedling emergence was reduced by 40, 48, 64, and 70% at flooding depths of 1, 2, 4, and 6 cm, respectively, for the seeds sown on the soil surface. Fluroxypyr and MCPA herbicides provided 100% control of triquetrous murdannia at the 2- to 6-leaf stages; however, to achieve 100% control with bispyribac-sodium, MCPA+bentazone or MCPA+fluroxypyr, herbicides had to be applied by the 4-leaf stage. The results of this study could help in developing more sustainable and effective integrated weed management strategies for the control of triquetrous murdannia in rice fields in China.

Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Synedrella (Synedrella nodiflora) in a Tropical Environment

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
David E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Synedrella Nodiflora ◽  
Annual Plant Species ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Synedrella is a tropical annual plant species of the family Asteraceae that is widely distributed in many crops in nearly 50 countries. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of synedrella. Germination response was greater at 30/20 C and 35/25 C than at 25/15 C fluctuating day/night temperatures. Light stimulated germination; however, a small proportion of after-ripened seeds germinated in the dark. Seedling emergence was greatest (96%) for seeds placed on the soil surface but declined with increased seed burial depth. No seedlings emerged from a depth of 4 cm. Seedling emergence and seedling dry matter declined with the addition of crop residue to the soil surface; however, higher quantities of residue than those normally found in low-yield systems were required to result in substantial reductions in emergence. Seed germination was tolerant of moderate salt concentrations (40 to 100 mM sodium chloride) and a broad range of pH (4 to 10) but was sensitive to low osmotic potentials (< −0.8 MPa). The information gained from this study could help predict the invasion potential of this species and could lead to improved management strategies.

Factors Affecting Seed Germination of Perennial Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) in Southern Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Depth Of Burial ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Germination response of perennial wall rocket to temperature, light, osmotic potential, and depth of burial emergence was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The effect of seed burial depth on seedling recruitment in the field was also investigated at Roseworthy, South Australia. Under optimal conditions (30 C, light/dark) germination of perennial wall rocket was rapid, with 90% of seeds germinating within 48 h of imbibition. Germination was reduced (20%) at lower, suboptimal temperatures (10 to 20 C) when seeds of perennial wall rocket were exposed to light. Germination declined with increasing osmotic potential and was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials of −1.5 MPa. Perennial wall rocket emergence was greatest from seeds placed on the soil surface, but some seedlings (< 10%) emerged from a depth of 0.5 to 2 cm. Under both field and growth-cabinet conditions, the greatest seedling emergence of perennial wall rocket occurred from seed present on the soil surface; however, the level of absolute recruitment from the seed bank was much lower (< 5%). Information gained from this study will further improve our understanding of the germination behavior of perennial wall rocket and contribute to developing sustainable strategies for its control.

Seed Germination Ecology of Junglerice (Echinochloa colona): A Major Weed of Rice

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
David E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Tropics

Junglerice is one of the most serious grass weeds of rice in the tropics. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and screenhouse to determine the influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of junglerice in the Philippines. In the laboratory, germination was stimulated by light, suggesting that seeds of this species are positively photoblastic. The tested temperatures (35/25, 30/20, and 25/15 C alternating day/night temperatures), however, did not influence germination. Germination in the laboratory was not affected by a soil pH range of 4 to 9, but was decreased by salinity (> 50 mM NaCl) and moisture stress (< −0.2 MPa osmotic potential). In the screenhouse, germination of junglerice was greatest (97%) for seeds at the soil surface, but emergence declined exponentially with increasing seed burial depth, and no seedlings emerged from seeds buried at 6 cm. In pots, seedling emergence declined markedly with the addition of rice residue to the soil surface at rates equivalent to 4 to 6 tonnes (t) ha−1. As germination of junglerice was strongly stimulated by light, and seedling emergence was optimal at shallow burial depths, this species is likely to be problematic in reduced tillage systems.

Seed Germination Ecology of Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora)and Its Implication for Management in Dry-Seeded Rice

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharif Ahmed ◽  
Jhoana L. Opeña ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Dark Regime

This study was conducted in the laboratory and screenhouse to determine the effects of temperature, light, osmotic stress, salt stress, burial depth, use of crop residues as mulch, depth of flooding, and use of POST herbicides on the emergence, survival, and growth of doveweed. In the light/dark regime, germination was higher at alternating day/night temperatures of 35/25 C (95%) than at 30/20 C (72%), and no germination occurred at 25/15 C. Light strongly influenced germination (95%) and dark completely inhibited germination. No germination occurred at an osmotic potential of −0.8 MPa and a salt concentration of 150 mM and above. The highest germination (91%) was observed from the seeds sown on the soil surface and emergence decreased by 78, 86, and 92% when burial depths were increased to 0.5, 1, and 2 cm, respectively. No seedlings emerged from seeds buried at depths of more than 2 cm. The use of rice residues as mulch significantly reduced the emergence and growth of doveweed seedlings. The amount of residue required to suppress 50% of the maximum biomass was 2.5 t ha−1. Flooding had a more pronounced effect on seedling biomass than seedling emergence. Biomass was reduced by 78, 92, and 96% when flooding depths increased from 0 to 2, 4, and 6 cm, respectively, for the seeds placed on the soil surface, whereas for the seeds buried at 0.5 cm, these values were 78, 100, and 100%. Bentazon (100 g ha−1) and bispyribac-sodium (30 g ha−1) provided 100% control of doveweed when applied at the three-leaf stage. Doveweed control was less than 31% with glyphosate rates up to 2,000 g ha−1. The application of 2,4-D (500 g ha−1) provided 100% control of doveweed even when applied at the seven-leaf stage. The information from this study could help in developing more sustainable and effective integrated weed management strategies for the control of this weed and weeds with similar response in dry-seeded rice systems.

Crowfootgrass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) Germination and Response to Herbicides in the Philippines

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Dark Regime

Crowfootgrass, a C4species, is one of the principal weeds of dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed management decisions for this species can be derived from knowledge of its seed germination biology. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and screenhouse to determine the effects of light, alternating day/night temperatures, water stress, seed burial depth, and rice residue on seed germination and seedling emergence of crowfootgrass and to evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available selective POST herbicides in the Philippines. Light stimulated seed germination, but it was not an absolute requirement for germination. Germination in the light/dark regime was greater at alternating day/night temperatures of 25/15 C (92%) than at 30/20 (70%) or 35/25 C (44%). The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination was −0.23 MPa, although some seeds germinated at −0.6 MPa. Seedling emergence was greatest for the seeds placed on the soil surface (64%), and emergence declined with increased burial depth in soil. No seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 6 cm or greater. Seedling emergence of crowfootgrass was reduced by the addition of rice residue to the soil surface at rates equivalent to 4 to 6 Mg ha−1. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron at 45 g ai ha−1provided excellent control of crowfootgrass when applied at the four- (99%) and six-leaf (86%) stage. The information gained from this study could contribute to developing components of integrated weed management strategies for crowfootgrass. Soil inversion by tillage to bury weed seeds below their maximum depth of emergence, use of crop residue as mulch, and early application of an effective POST herbicide could serve as important tools for managing crowfootgrass.

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