Contribution, Composition, and Structure of EPS by In Vivo Exposure to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Bioremediation to Metals

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiufeng Cao ◽  
Liang Xu ◽  
Yung Pin Chen ◽  
Alan W. Decho ◽  
Zhaojie Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Enhanced Bioremediation

scholarly journals Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy for Analysis of Connective Tissues

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
William Querido ◽  
Shital Kandel ◽  
Nancy Pleshko
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Composition And Structure

Advances in vibrational spectroscopy have propelled new insights into the molecular composition and structure of biological tissues. In this review, we discuss common modalities and techniques of vibrational spectroscopy, and present key examples to illustrate how they have been applied to enrich the assessment of connective tissues. In particular, we focus on applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy to assess cartilage and bone properties. We present strengths and limitations of each approach and discuss how the combination of spectrometers with microscopes (hyperspectral imaging) and fiber optic probes have greatly advanced their biomedical applications. We show how these modalities may be used to evaluate virtually any type of sample (ex vivo, in situ or in vivo) and how “spectral fingerprints” can be interpreted to quantify outcomes related to tissue composition and quality. We highlight the unparalleled advantage of vibrational spectroscopy as a label-free and often nondestructive approach to assess properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) associated with normal, developing, aging, pathological and treated tissues. We believe this review will assist readers not only in better understanding applications of FTIR, NIR and Raman spectroscopy, but also in implementing these approaches for their own research projects.

scholarly journals Strongylids (Nematoda: Strongylidae) in two zebra species from the “Askania-Nova” Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine: biodiversity and parasite community structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
T. Kuzmina ◽  
V. Kharchenko ◽  
N. Zvegintsova ◽  
L. Zhang ◽  
J. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Equus Grevyi ◽  
Equus Burchelli ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Grevy’S Zebra ◽  
Species Composition And Structure

AbstractSpecies composition and structure of strongylid (Nematoda: Strongylidae) community were examined in 15 plains zebras (Equus burchelli) and 8 Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) kept in the “Askania-Nova” Biosphere Reserve (Ukraine). Strongylids were collected from zebras in vivo following deworming with the “Univerm” (0.2 % aversectin C, Russia). Twenty-two strongylid species (3 species of subfamily Strongylinae and 19 — of Cyathostominae) were found. In plains zebras, 21 strongylid species were found; from 3 to 14 species per host. In Grevy’s zebras, 18 strongylid species were recorded; from 4 to 14 species per host. Cyathostominae dominated in the communities of both zebra species; they composed more then 99 % of strongylid number. Comparison of strongylid biodiversity in plains zebras from the “Askania-Nova” reserve with data collected from four African countries showed low similarity of strongylid faunas in zebras from Ukraine and Africa; the strongylid community was similar to those of domestic ponies from the same area.

scholarly journals Vascularization of Nanohydroxyapatite/Collagen/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites by Implanting Intramuscularly In Vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Wang ◽  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Guixing Qiu ◽  
Fuzhai Cui ◽  
Xisheng Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Bone Substitutes ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
Large Defect ◽  
Natural Bone ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Large Bone ◽  
Large Bone Defects

It still remains a major challenge to repair large bone defects in the orthopaedic surgery. In previous studies, a nanohydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactic acid) (nHAC/PLA) composite, similar to natural bone in both composition and structure, has been prepared. It could repair small sized bone defects, but they were restricted to repair a large defect due to the lack of oxygen and nutrition supply for cell survival without vascularization. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether nHAC/PLA composites could be vascularized in vivo. Composites were implanted intramuscularly in the groins of rabbits for 2, 6, or 10 weeks (n=5×3). After removing, the macroscopic results showed that there were lots of rich blood supply tissues embracing the composites, and the volumes of tissue were increasing as time goes on. In microscopic views, blood vessels and vascular sprouts could be observed, and microvessel density (MVD) of the composites trended to increase over time. It suggested that nHAC/PLA composites could be well vascularized by implanting in vivo. In the future, it would be possible to generate vascular pedicle bone substitutes with nHAC/PLA composites for grafting.

O-Acetylated peptidoglycan: its occurrence, pathobiological significance, and biosynthesis

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Clarke ◽  
Claude Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Bacterial cell walls and their structural units, particularly peptidoglycan, induce a vast variety of biological effects in host organisms. The pathobiological effects of peptidoglycan are greatly enhanced by various modifications and substitutions to its basic composition and structure. One such modification is the presence of acetyl moieties at theC-6 hydroxyl group of N-acetylmuramyl residues, and to date, 11 species of eubacteria, including some important human pathogens, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, are known to possess O-acetylated peptidoglycan. This review addresses the influence of O-acetylation of peptidoglycan on its resistance to degradation both in vitro and in vivo, the clinical importance of the modification, and the currently held views on the pathway for its biosynthesis. Key words: peptidoglycan, murein, O-acetylation, lysozyme, arthritis.

scholarly journals Mapping the native organization of the yeast nuclear pore complex using nuclear radial intensity measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (29) ◽  
pp. 14606-14613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Vallotton ◽  
Sasikumar Rajoo ◽  
Matthias Wojtynek ◽  
Evgeny Onischenko ◽  
Annemarie Kralt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Pore Complex ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Multiple Copies

Selective transport across the nuclear envelope (NE) is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a massive ∼100-MDa assembly composed of multiple copies of ∼30 nuclear pore proteins (Nups). Recent advances have shed light on the composition and structure of NPCs, but approaches that could map their organization in live cells are still lacking. Here, we introduce an in vivo method to perform nuclear radial intensity measurements (NuRIM) using fluorescence microscopy to determine the average position of NE-localized proteins along the nucleocytoplasmic transport axis. We apply NuRIM to study the organization of the NPC and the mobile transport machinery in budding yeast. This reveals a unique snapshot of the intact yeast NPC and identifies distinct steady-state localizations for various NE-associated proteins and nuclear transport factors. We find that the NPC architecture is robust against compositional changes and could also confirm that in contrast to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the scaffold Y complex is arranged symmetrically in the yeast NPC. Furthermore, NuRIM was applied to probe the orientation of intrinsically disordered FG-repeat segments, providing insight into their roles in selective NPC permeability and structure.

Venous and Arterial Thromboses: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Emmanuel Favaloro
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Von Willebrand

AbstractArterial and venous thromboses are sustained by development of intraluminal thrombi, respectively, within the venous and arterial systems. The composition and structure of arterial and venous thrombi have been historically considered as being very different. Arterial thrombi (conventionally defined as “white”) have been traditionally proposed to be composed mainly of fibrin and platelet aggregates, whilst venous thrombi (conventionally defined as “red”) have been proposed as mostly being enriched in fibrin and erythrocytes. This archaic dichotomy seems ever more questionable, since it barely reflects the pathophysiology of thrombus formation in vivo. Both types of thrombi are actually composed of a complex fibrin network but, importantly, also contain essentially the same blood-borne cells (i.e., red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets), and it is only the relative content of these individual elements that differ between venous and arterial clots or, otherwise, between thrombi generated under different conditions of blood flow and shear stress. Convincing evidence now suggests that either white or red intracoronary thrombi may be present in patients with myocardial infarction and, even more importantly, red thrombi may be more prone to distal embolization during percutaneous coronary intervention than those with lower content of erythrocytes. Conversely, it is now accepted that components traditionally considered to be involved “only” in arterial thrombosis are also represented in venous thrombosis. Thus, platelets comprise important components of venous clots, although they may be present in lower amounts here than in arterial thrombi, and von Willebrand factor is also represented in both arterial and venous thrombi. Of importance, such evidence thus supports the concept that adjunctive treatment normally associated to prevention of arterial thrombosis (e.g., aspirin) may have a role also in prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis.

Saliva and Dental Pellicle-A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Lendenmann ◽  
J. Grogan ◽  
F.G. Oppenheim
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Single Donor ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Acquired Enamel Pellicle

The acquired enamel pellicle is an organic film covering the surfaces of teeth. When this film was first discovered, it was thought to be of embryologic origin. Only in the middle of this century did it become clear that it was acquired after tooth eruption. Initially, the small amounts of material that could be obtained have virtually limited the investigation of pellicle proteins to amino acid analysis. Nevertheless, this technique revealed that the pellicle is mainly proteinaceous and is formed by selective adsorption of salivary proteins on tooth enamel. Later, immunologic techniques allowed for the identification of many salivary and fewer non-salivary proteins as constituents of pellicle. However, to this date, isolation and direct biochemical characterization of in vivo pellicle protein have not been possible, because only a few micrograms can be obtained from a single donor. Therefore, the composition and structure of the acquired enamel pellicle are still essentially unknown. Information on the functions of pellicle has been obtained mainly from in vitro experiments carried out with saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and enamel discs. It was found that pellicle protects enamel by reducing demineralization upon acid challenge. Improved pellicle harvesting procedures and analysis by state-of-the-art proteomics with mass spectroscopy approaches promise to make major inroads into the characterization of enamel pellicle.

scholarly journals Capsular polysaccharide switching in Streptococcus suis modulates host cell interactions and virulence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Okura ◽  
Jean-Philippe Auger ◽  
Tomoyuki Shibahara ◽  
Guillaume Goyette-Desjardins ◽  
Marie-Rose Van Calsteren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Host Cell Interactions

AbstractStreptococcus suis serotype 2 strains can cause severe infections in both swine and humans. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of S. suis defines various serotypes based on its composition and structure. Though serotype switching from serotype 2 has been suggested to occur between S. suis strains, its impact on pathogenicity and virulence remains unknown. Herein, we experimentally generated S. suis serotype-switched mutants from a serotype 2 strain (SS2) that express the serotype 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 14 CPS (SS2to3, SS2to4, SS2to7, SS2to8, SS2to9, and SS2to14, respectively). The effects of serotype switching were then investigated with regards to classical properties conferred by presence of the serotype 2 CPS, including adhesion to/invasion of porcine tracheal epithelial cells, resistance to phagocytosis by murine macrophages, killing by murine and porcine whole blood, and dendritic cell-derived pro-inflammatory mediator production. Results demonstrated that these properties on host cell interactions were differentially modulated depending on the switched serotypes. Using a mouse model of systemic infection, SS2to8 was demonstrated to be hyper-virulent, with animals rapidly succumbing to septic shock, whereas SS2to3 and SS2to4 were less virulent than SS2 because of a reduced systemic inflammatory host response. By contrast, switching to serotype 7, 9, or 14 CPSs had little to no effect. Finally, development of clinical signs in a porcine model of infection was only observed following infection with SS2, SS2to7, and SS2to8. Taken together, these findings suggest that serotype switching can differentially modulate S. suis host cell interactions and virulence depending on the CPS type expressed.ImportanceStreptococcus suis serotype 2 is the most frequently type associated with swine and zoonotic infections. While the serotype 2 CPS is required for virulence and pathogenesis, little information is available regarding that of other serotypes and how differences in serotype can directly affect host cell interactions and virulence. Herein, we constructed serotype-switched mutants from a serotype 2 strain and demonstrated that serotype switching can shift and modulate the S. suis host cell interactions and virulence in vivo. Among the serotype-switched mutants, the mutant expressing the serotype 8 CPS, whose composition and structure are identical to that of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F, was hyper-virulent, whereas mutants expressing the serotype 3 or 4 CPSs had reduced virulence. These results demonstrate that serotype switching can drastically alter S. suis phenotype. Consequently, further importance and attention should be given to the phenomenon of serotype switching and the possible emergence of hyper-virulent isolates.

scholarly journals Bioactivity of an Experimental Dental Implant with Anodized Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Lima Villaça-Carvalho ◽  
Juliani Caroline Ribeiro de Araújo ◽  
Juliana Mariano Beraldo ◽  
Renata Falchete do Prado ◽  
Mari Eli Leonelli de Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Reverse Torque ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Computed Microtomography

Background: Several studies proved that anodic oxidation improves osseointegration. This study aimed to optimize osseointegration through anodization in dental implants, obtaining anatase phase and controlled nanotopography. Methods: The division of the groups with 60 titanium implants was: control (CG); sandblasted (SG); anodized (AG): anodized pulsed current (duty cycle 30%, 30 V, 0.2 A and 1000 Hz). Before surgery, surface characterization was performed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy. For in vivo tests, 10 New Zealand white rabbits received an implant from each group. The sacrifice period was 2 and 6 weeks (n = 5) and the specimens were subjected to computed microtomography (μCT) and reverse torque test. Results: AFM and SEM demonstrated a particular nanotopography on the surface in AG; the anatase phase was proved by Raman spectroscopy. In the μCT and in the reverse torque test, the AG group presented better results than the other groups. Conclusion: The chemical composition and structure of the TiO2 film were positively affected by the anodizing technique, intensifying the biological characteristics in osseointegration.

Macroprolactin; high molecular mass forms of circulating prolactin

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M N Fahie-Wilson ◽  
R John ◽  
A R Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
High Molecular Mass ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Variable Extent ◽  
Diagnostic Confusion ◽  
Pituitary Secretion

Two high molecular mass forms of prolactin (PRL) in serum have been identified by gel filtration chromatography (GFC): macroprolactin (big-big PRL, > 100 kDa) and big PRL (40-60 kDa). Macroprolactin has a variable composition and structure, but is most frequently a complex of PRL and IgG, with a molecular mass of 150-170 kDa. It is formed in the circulation following pituitary secretion of monomeric PRL but has a longer half-life, and the PRL in the complex remains reactive to a variable extent in immunoassays. In the majority of subjects little or no macroprolactin can be detected in serum, but in some individuals it may be the predominant immunoreactive component of circulating PRL and the cause of apparent hyperprolactinaemia. Owing to its high molecular mass, macroprolactin appears to be confined to the intravascular compartment and much evidence indicates that it has minimal bioactivity in vivo and is not of pathological significance. Nevertheless, hyperprolactinaemia due to macroprolactin can lead to diagnostic confusion and unnecessary further investigation and treatment if it is not recognized as such. Macroprolactin is a common cause of apparent hyperprolactinaemia with some assays and it is essential that laboratories introduce screening programmes to examine samples with elevated total immunoreactive PRL for the presence of macroprolactin and determine the monomeric PRL component which is known to be bioactive in vivo. A number of screening tests have been described; that based on the precipitation of macroprolactin with polyethylene glycol has been the most widely validated and applied. The reference technique of GFC should be available for confirmation and further investigation of samples, giving equivocal results in screening tests. In comparison with macroprolactin, little is known about big PRL. It is a more consistent component of total serum PRL but rarely, if ever, the cause of hyperprolactinaemia. Further research is required into the nature of macroprolactin and big PRL, the relationships between high molecular mass forms of PRL, and their clinical significance.

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