Bioinspired In Vitro Brain Vasculature Model for Nanomedicine Testing Based on Decellularized Spinach Leaves

Nano Letters ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra L. Predeina ◽  
Artur Y. Prilepskii ◽  
Verónica de Zea Bermudez ◽  
Vladimir V. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Brain Vasculature ◽  
Spinach Leaves

scholarly journals Badanie wpływu naturalnych ekstraktów roślinnych na izolowane wierzchołki wzrostów pedów w hodowli in vitro [Investigation of the influence of natural plant extracts on isolated generative apices cultivated in vitro]

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
E. Kuta ◽  
C. Ryka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Coconut Meal ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spinach Leaves

The aim of the present paper Was to test the value of various plant extracts (yeast barm, mature walnut embryos, coconut meal, young spinach leaves and tomato juice) used as the complementary elements of White's mineral nutrient for the culture <i>in vitro</i> of generative apices of winter wheat, rape and wetch. The results showed that the generative apices of investigated planits had various nutritive requirements which point to the necessity of a careful selection of a specific nutrient for particular plant material.

Biosynthesis of Nitrogenous Phospholipids in Spinach Leaves

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Marshall ◽  
M. Kates
Keyword(s):  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Methylation Pathway ◽  
Ethanolamine Kinase ◽  
Spinach Leaves

Pathways for biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC), in spinach leaves have been studied both in vivo (whole leaves and leaf slices) and in vitro (cell-free leaf fractions). Biosynthesis of PS was shown to occur by the action of a particle-bound CDP-diglyceride: serine phosphatidyltransferase, and PE by the action of a PS-decarboxylase localized in the 100 000 × g supernatant fraction. PE was also formed by the operation of the CDP-ethanolamine:diglyceride phosphorylethanolamine transferase, localized in the microsomal fraction. The presence of ethanolamine kinase required for formation of phosphorylethanolamine was demonstrated in vitro, but not the presence of CTP:phosphorylethanolamine cytidyltransferase; however, the latter is presumed present on the basis of in vivo results. Operation of the methylation pathway for biosynthesis of PC was established in vivo, and direct methylation of phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine to phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (PE-diMe) and of PE-diME to PC by S-adenosylmethionine was demonstrated with a particulate enzyme system localized in the microsomal fraction; direct methylation of PE itself could not be shown in this system. PC was also synthesized by the CDP-choline:diglyceride phosphorylcholine transferase system localized in the microsomal fraction. Synthesis of PE and PC by Ca2+-stimulated exchange reactions with ethanolamine and choline, respectively, could be demonstrated, but at low rates. However, no synthesis of PS by exchange reactions with serine could be detected.

scholarly journals In vitro digestion of galactolipids from chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) of postharvest, pea vine field residue (haulm) and spinach leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 7806-7817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutarat Wattanakul ◽  
Moulay Sahaka ◽  
Sawsan Amara ◽  
Syamila Mansor ◽  
Brigitte Gontero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Spinach Leaves

The galactolipase activity of pancreatic juice, pancreatic extracts and a purified PLRP2 (GPLRP2) on chloroplast-rich fractions from whole plant materials under in vitro condition was measured.

scholarly journals Analysis of Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Selected Edible Leaves: Nutritional and Therapeutic Implication

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-632
Author(s):  
A. D. Pal ◽  
T. M. Zakir
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Spinach Leaves

The present study was designed to document the nutritional and functional properties of Ceylon Spinach, Mustard as well as Pumpkin leaves. These samples were selected owing to their economic affordability and utilization within the local population. Proximate analysis revealed a significant percentage of minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamin C in all the leaf extracts. Phytochemical screening displayed Ceylon Spinach, Pumpkin and Mustard leaves to be rich sources of polyphenols (106.6, 76.24 and 89.86 mg/100 g) and alkaloids (12.8 %, 13.2 % and 16.8 %) respectively. Furthermore, these edible leaves could effectively scavenge 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radicals with Mustard leaves showing the greatest efficiency, hence portraying antioxidant properties. Ceylon Spinach leaves depicted the highest reducing power compared to the other samples. Additionally, the edible leaf extracts were shown to possess anti-bacterial abilities with Mustard leaves displaying the strongest inhibition against growth of both Gram positive (ZOI 18.5mm) and negative bacteria (ZOI 25.5mm). Interestingly, the selected samples could also elevate the growth of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro thereby confirming their prebiotic potential. Therefore, inclusion of these edible leaves in the diet may promote good health owing to their nutritional and therapeutic benefits.

Histamine, Cadaverine, and Putrescine Produced In Vitro by Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae Isolated from Spinach

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAVIZZARI ◽  
M. BRECCIA ◽  
S. BOVER-CID ◽  
M. C. VIDAL-CAROU ◽  
M. T. VECIANA-NOGUÉS
Keyword(s):  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Morganella Morganii ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Serratia Liquefaciens ◽  
Enterobacter Amnigenus ◽  
Spinach Leaves

A total of 364 bacterial isolates, obtained from spinach leaves, were assayed in a decarboxylase broth containing histidine, lysine, and ornithine to check their ability to produce biogenic amines, and then quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among these isolates, 240 formed cadaverine, 208 formed putrescine, and 196 formed histamine, in widely varying amounts. They frequently produced more than one biogenic amine. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae and Morganella morganii were the main histamine producers, with mean values of 1,600 and 2,440 mg/liter, respectively, followed by Pantoea spp. 3 (1,710 mg/liter) and Hafnia alvei (2,500 mg/liter). Enterobacter amnigenus and Enterobacter cloacae produced particularly high amounts of putrescine, with mean values of 2,340 and 2,890 mg/liter, respectively. The strongest cadaverine formation was shown by Serratia liquefaciens (3,300 mg/liter), Serratia marcescens (3,280 mg/liter), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1,000 mg/liter).

scholarly journals Amylin alters human brain pericyte viability and NG2 expression

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1470-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Schultz ◽  
Elin Byman ◽  
Malin Fex ◽  
Malin Wennström
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Brain Vasculature ◽  
Parahippocampal Cortex ◽  
Microvascular Pathology ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
The Impact

Amylin, a pancreatic β-cell-derived peptide hormone, forms inclusions in brain microvessels of patients with dementia who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. The cellular localization of these inclusions and the consequences thereof are not yet known. Using immunohistochemical staining of hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and non-demented controls, we show that amylin cell inclusions are found in pericytes. The number of amylin cell inclusions did not differ between patients with Alzheimer’s disease and controls, but amylin-containing pericytes displayed nuclear changes associated with cell death and reduced expression of the pericyte marker neuron-glial antigen 2. The impact of amylin on pericyte viability was further demonstrated in in vitro studies, which showed that pericyte death increased in presence of fibril- and oligomer amylin. Furthermore, oligomer amylin increased caspase 3/7 activity, reduced lysate neuron-glial antigen 2 levels and impaired autophagy. Our findings contribute to increased understanding of how aggregated amylin affects brain vasculature and highlight amylin as a potential factor involved in microvascular pathology in dementia progression.

Auxiliary Photosynthetic Functions of Arabidopsis thaliana—Studies in vitro and in vivo

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Norén ◽  
Per Svensson ◽  
Bertil Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Regulatory Behavior ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Subsequent Event ◽  
Spinach Leaves

An improved cultivation system for Arabidopsis thaliana was developed, allowing advanced biochemical studies in vitro and in vivo of this important model plant. Highly functional Arabidopsis thylakoids were isolated and used to study both basic and regulatory photosynthetic functions with the aim to create a platform for the characterization of mutants deficient in auxiliary proteins. Light-induced proteolytic degradation of the D1 protein could be followed and shown to be a subsequent event to photoinactivation of electron transport. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of thylakoid proteins resembled that seen in spinach leaves although phospho-CP43 revealed an unusual regulatory behavior.

scholarly journals Nonlytic exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from neutrophils in the brain vasculature

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Yang ◽  
Huijuan Wang ◽  
Fan Hu ◽  
Xichen Chen ◽  
Mingshun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Vasculature ◽  
Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Brain Microvasculature ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is an encapsulated budding yeast that causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To cause meningoencephalitis, C. neoformans circulating in the bloodstream must first be arrested in the brain microvasculature. Neutrophils, the most abundant phagocytes in the bloodstream and the first leukocytes to be recruited to an infection site, can ingest C. neoformans. Little is known about how neutrophils interact with arrested fungal cells in the brain microvasculature. Methods A blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro model was established. The interactions between neutrophils adhering to brain endothelial cells and fungi were observed under a live cell imaging microscope. A flow cytometry assay was developed to explore the mechanisms. Immunofluorescence staining of brain tissues was utilized to validate the in vitro phenomena. Results Using real-time imaging, we observed that neutrophils adhered to a monolayer of mouse brain endothelial cells could expel ingested C. neoformans without lysis of the neutrophils or fungi in vitro, demonstrating nonlytic exocytosis of fungal cells from neutrophils. Furthermore, nonlytic exocytosis of C. neoformans from neutrophils was influenced by either the fungus (capsule and viability) or the neutrophil (phagosomal pH and actin polymerization). Moreover, nonlytic exocytosis of C. neoformans from neutrophils was recorded in brain tissue. Conclusion These results highlight a novel function by which neutrophils extrude C. neoformans in the brain vasculature. Graphical abstract

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