A Multifactorial Conceptualization of Impulsivity

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana Knezevic-Budisin ◽  
Vanessa Pedden ◽  
Andrew White ◽  
Carlin J. Miller ◽  
Peter N. S. Hoaken
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract. Despite the multiple phenotypic presentations of impulsivity, the underlying factor structure of the construct has yet to be settled. The aim of this study, with two multimethod, multisource datasets, was to further explore the multifactorial nature of impulsivity and propose a measure-selection approach. Unlike previous studies that relied on a single type of statistical analysis, the current study explored the relations between personality and behavioral measures of impulsivity utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Participants comprised two samples of young adults (n(study 1) = 175 and n(study 2) = 118) from separate communities in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Various facets of impulsivity were assessed including adult ADHD symptoms, planning and organizational skills, executive dysfunction, impulsive personality traits (i.e., sensation-seeking), risk-taking behavior, disinhibition, cognitive flexibility, and delay discounting. Both statistical analyses yielded two-factor models. The Dysexecutive Control factor reflected a tendency to act without thinking or planning, and difficulty focusing for a sustained period of time. The Reward-Seeking factor reflected a general need for excitement, and a preference for novel situations despite adverse consequences. For the purposes of standardized assessment of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral manifestations of impulsivity, trans-theoretical measure selection for research and clinical purposes is discussed.

Hope, exploration, and equilibrated action schemes

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davood G. Gozli ◽  
Ci Jun Gao
Keyword(s):  
Single Type ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Stable Scheme

AbstractThe concepts want, hope, and exploration cannot be organized in relation to a single type of motive (e.g., motive for food). They require, in addition, the motive for acquiring and maintaining a stable scheme that enables reward-directed activity. Facing unpredictability, the animal has to seek not only reward, but also a new equilibrated state within which reward seeking is possible.

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
The One ◽  
Armed Services ◽  
Principal Axis Factor

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”

Structuring Assessments of Psychopathology

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem K.B. Hofstee ◽  
Dick P.H. Barelds ◽  
Jos M.F. Ten Berge
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Normal Sample ◽  
Normative Sample ◽  
Assessment Data ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Oblique Rotation ◽  
Two Samples

Hofstee and Ten Berge (2004a) have proposed a new look at personality assessment data, based on a bipolar proportional (-1, .. . 0, .. . +1) scale, a corresponding coefficient of raw-scores likeness L = ΢XY/N, and raw-scores principal component analysis. In a normal sample, the approach resulted in a structure dominated by a first principal component, according to which most people are faintly to mildly socially desirable. We hypothesized that a more differentiated structure would arise in a clinical sample. We analyzed the scores of 775 psychiatric clients on the 132 items of the Dutch Personality Questionnaire (NPV). In comparison to a normative sample (N = 3140), the eigenvalue for the first principal component appeared to be 1.7 times as small, indicating that such clients have less personality (social desirability) in common. Still, the match between the structures in the two samples was excellent after oblique rotation of the loadings. We applied the abridged m-dimensional circumplex design, by which persons are typed by their two highest scores on the principal components, to the scores on the first four principal components. We identified five types: Indignant (1-), Resilient (1-2+), Nervous (1-2-), Obsessive-Compulsive (1-3-), and Introverted (1-4-), covering 40% of the psychiatric sample. Some 26% of the individuals had negligible scores on all type vectors. We discuss the potential and the limitations of our approach in a clinical context.

scholarly journals 2014 Dahlberg Award Winner The effects of dietary toughness on occlusopalatal variation in savanna baboons

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Evan Muzzall ◽  
Ryan M. Campbell ◽  
Meadow Campbell ◽  
Robert S. Corruccini
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Award Winner ◽  
Diet Sample ◽  
Soft Diet ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Structural Irregularities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Craniofacial Variation

This study investigates the relationship between dietary toughness and craniofacial variation in two groups of savanna baboons. Standard craniofacial and malocclusion data were collected from a captive, soft-diet experiment group (n=24) and a sample of wild-captured baboons, raised on tougher, natural foods (n=19). We tested the hypothesis that in the absence of normal masticatory stress experienced during the consumption of wild foods, the captive baboons would exhibit higher levels of facial and dental structural irregularities. Principal component analysis indicates separation of the two samples. The soft-diet sample exhibits significantly shorter palates, greater variability in palate position, and higher frequencies of occlusal irregularities that correlate with the shorter palates. Results offer further support that long-term dietary chewing stresses have a measurable effect on adult craniofacial variation.

scholarly journals Investigating the risky behavior of international tourists riding motorcycles in Bali

2019 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama ◽  
Darren Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Great Possibility ◽  
Motorcycle Accidents

Motorcycle accidents and injuries in Bali have been highly occurred as to a cause of their predominance in urban transportation structures. While riding a motorcycle, a tourist eventually is obligated to his/ her own particular safety. Road safety analysts are concerned with accident risk faced by tourists because of a great possibility to be associated with a road accident while on vacation. This research investigated motorcycle riding behaviors and combined with a scope of psychosocial factors for example, sensation seeking, risky riding intentions and attitudes using international tourists riding motorcycles whilst on vacation in Bali as the respondents. Two models are constructed comprising of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Model (SEM). Predictors employed socio-demographic variables consisting exposure and years licensed, gender, age, education levels, and estimates of distance travelled. International tourists revealed a scope of purposes behind riding motorcycles in Bali, for example, for fun and feelings of freedom. This research discovered that male international tourists with sensation seeking will probably be taking part in traffic and speeding infringement in contrast with females. These study outcomes alongside the suggestions for tourists training and road safety campaign while on holiday in Bali are examined.

scholarly journals Searching for a Measure Integrating Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans ◽  
Zuzanna Pieniak ◽  
Eliza Kostyra ◽  
Krystyna Gutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Two Samples

Sustainable and healthy food-related behavior is high on the public policy and research agenda due to its potential to cope with negative environmental and health outcomes. There are several measures related to sustainability in food choices but there have not been many attempts to integrate sustainable and healthy eating (SHE) behaviors into one measurement instrument so far. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify how young adults interpret the SHE concept and to develop an instrument that measures a self-reported consumer’s SHE behavior. The process of scale development involved an exploratory qualitative study and two quantitative studies. As a result of 20 individual in depth interviews with Polish young adults, 50 items were generated reflecting their perspective on principles of SHE (Study 1). Two samples were used in the scale validation process: n = 217 (Study 2) and n = 220 (Study 3). Via principal component analysis, reliability analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, the final form of the scale was derived. The proposed 34-item scale offers insights into the most relevant aspects of SHE behaviors, grouped in eight factors: “healthy and balanced diet”, “certification and quality labels”, “meat reduction”, “selection of local food”, “choice of low fat food products”, “avoidance of food waste” and purchase and consumption of food products that are respecting “animal welfare” and finally choice of “seasonal food”. Although the developed scale can benefit from further refinement and validity testing in different cultural and social background, it is clear that the scale, as developed, can be a useful tool for researchers who are interested in the study of SHE behaviors.

Developing Attitude Statements toward Illegal Immigration: Transcultural Reliability and Utility

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reidar Ommundsen ◽  
Kees van der Veer ◽  
Hao Van Le ◽  
Krum Krumov ◽  
Knud S. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Illegal Immigrants ◽  
State University ◽  
Varimax Rotation ◽  
Two Samples

This is a report on the utility of a scale measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants in two samples from nations that have more people moving out of the country than moving into the country. The Attitude toward Illegal Immigrants Scale was administered to 219 undergraduates from Sofia University in Bulgaria, and 179 undergraduates from Hanoi State University in Vietnam. Results yielded a scale with no sex differences, and acceptable alpha coefficients. Item analysis identified the most contributory and least contributory items, with considerable overlap in the two samples. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was carried out to examine the structure.

scholarly journals Does the Order of Item Difficulty of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Add Anything to Subdomain Scores in the Clinical Assessment of Dementia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah McGrory ◽  
John M. Starr ◽  
Susan D. Shenkin ◽  
Elizabeth J. Austin ◽  
John R. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The One ◽  
Addenbrooke’S Cognitive Examination

Background: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) is used to measure cognition across a range of domains in dementia. Identifying the order in which cognitive decline occurs across items, and whether this varies between dementia aetiologies could add more information to subdomain scores. Method: ACE-Revised data from 350 patients were split into three groups: Alzheimer's type (n = 131), predominantly frontal (n = 119) and other frontotemporal lobe degenerative disorders (n = 100). Results of factor analysis and Mokken scaling analysis were compared. Results: Principal component analysis revealed one factor for each group. Confirmatory factor analysis found that the one-factor model fit two samples poorly. Mokken analyses revealed different item ordering in terms of difficulty for each group. Conclusion: The different patterns for each diagnostic group could aid in the separation of these different types of dementia.

Attitudes toward Suicide: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Singaporean and Australian University Students

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Domino ◽  
Sushila Niles ◽  
Sunita Devi Raj
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Attitudes Toward Suicide

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ), a measure of attitudes toward suicide, was administered to two samples of university students, one from Singapore ( n = 100) and one from Australia ( n = 82). Of the fifteen SOQ factors, ten showed statistically significant mean differences, with Singaporean students endorsing greater disagreement on the factors of Acceptability and Demographic aspects, and Australian students endorsing greater disagreement on the factors of Suicide as semiserious, Religion, Lethality, Normality, Irreversibility, Aging, Individual Aspects, and Sensation seeking. A regression analysis of the SOQ factors as related to self-reported religiosity indicated that for the Singaporean students religious attendance was related to the SOQ factors of Acceptability, Mental and Moral Illness, and Lethality, while self-reported degree of religiosity was related to the SOQ factor of Religion. For the Australian students degree of religiosity was related to the SOQ factors of Acceptability, Mental and Moral Illness, and Religion.

scholarly journals Nursing Motives for Helping Scale (N-MHS): Reliability and Validity

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis González Gutiérrez ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba Puente ◽  
Ricardo Moreno Rodríguez ◽  
Almudena López López ◽  
Lilian Velasco Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks

This paper presents the Nursing Motives for Helping Scale (N-MHS), an instrument designed for the evaluation of three of the four motives for helping derived from Batson's helping pathway theory. Dimensionality was analyzed by means of principal component analysis (n = 113), followed by confirmatory factor analysis. A 3-factor structure (corresponding to Batson's differentiation among altruistic motivation, reward-seeking motivation, and punishment-avoidance motivation, respectively), with 9 items distributed in three latent variables, revealed an acceptable fit to the data. Alpha values (.60 - .74) showed that internal consistency was acceptable for a newly developed subscale with a small number of items. Convergence validity was evaluated with correlations between N-MHS subscales scores and scores on the Professional Expectations Scale (Garrosa, Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Carvajal, & Morante, 2005). The three resulting subscales are a promising instrument for the evaluation of three nursing motives for helping that can contribute to reduce the potential risks and to improve the potential benefits both for the nurse and the patient.

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