Two-digit Comparison

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Verguts ◽  
Wendy De Moor
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Holistic Process

Abstract. We investigate whether two-digit numbers are decomposed for purposes of numerical comparison (e.g., choosing the larger one). Earlier theorists concluded that numbers are processed holistically ( Brysbaert, 1995 ; Dehaene, Dupoux, & Mehler, 1990 ), or that holistic and decomposed processes operate in parallel ( Nuerk, Weger, & Willmes, 2001 ). In the present experiment, we presented pairs of two-digit numbers with a decade distance of either zero (e.g., 54-57) or one (54-61). If a holistic process contributes to two-digit comparison, there should be an overall distance effect for number pairs with a decade distance of one. On the other hand, if numbers are decomposed and a holistic comparison does not contribute, this overall distance effect should be absent for these number pairs. Evidence is found that, at least in the present task settings, numbers are not compared holistically. The results are interpreted in terms of a recently proposed theory of numerical cognition ( Verguts & Fias, 2004 ; Verguts, Fias, & Stevens, 2005) .

Numerical Comparison of Operating Conditions and Nozzle Geometry on Injector Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Xu Xiang ◽  
Yong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Least Energy

A model was established to discuss the effect of operating parameters and nozzle shapes on the performance of injectors. The comparison pointed out that heat load has worst effect on injector geometries, while little effect on area ratio. On the other hand, the area ratio is very sensitive to suction temperature, which is critical to injector performance. The least energy loss is achieved when nozzle converges gently at the same nozzle entrance and exit diameter.

Some Effects of Reward on the Strength of Position Stereotypes in the White Rat

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Knöpeelmacher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Soluble Problem

Certain aspects of Maier's hypothesis that rigid behaviour stereotypes elicited in an insoluble problem situation are not explicable in terms of goal-motivated learning were tested thus: Forty-one white rats of Wistar stock were exposed to an insoluble problem in a water discrimination unit. Each of the twenty-four animals who formed position stereotypes was assigned to one of four groups. One of these groups served as a control and received no special treatment. Each of the remaining three experimental groups was given a different number of successively rewarded trials to the side of the stereotype. Finally, all groups were presented with a soluble problem, and the strengths of the stereotypes in each group observed in terms of the breaking of the stereotypes. It was found that the strength of the stereotype behaviour was directly proportional to the number of rewarded trials. None of the stereotypes was sufficiently rigid to meet Maier's criterion of “fixated” response patterns. More stereotypes were formed by males than females. On the other hand no sex differences appeared in the subsequent behaviour of animals who did form stereotypes. These results are interpreted as showing that stereotyped responses formed under conditions of the present experiment are not qualitatively different from learned responses.

Nutritive value of pasture: IV. The influence of the intensity of grazing on the yield, composition and nutritive value of pasture herbage (Part II)

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
D. B. Norman ◽  
J. W. Bee
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Other Hand

The object of this series of investigations is to secure detailed information concerning the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of pasture grass in its different stages of growth. The results which were obtained in these respects by cutting the herbage of the experimental pasture plot at weekly and at fortnightly intervals have been described in previous communications. During the season of the present experiment, the trials have been carried a stage further by the adoption of a system of cutting at 3-weekly intervals. The main findings of the 1928 investigation are recorded below:(1) Chemical composition of 3-weekly pasture cuts: The adoption of a more lenient system of cutting at 3-weekly intervals led to a slight lowering of the percentage of crude protein in the grass and a slight raising of the percentages of crude fibre and N-free extractives. On the other hand, no corresponding effect was noted in respect of the ether extract, SiO2-free ash, lime and phosphate, the percentages of these constituents being very similar in the weekly and 3-weekly pasture samples obtained in 1928. The falling off of the percentage of crude protein in the 1928 3-weekly-mown herbage, as compared with the weekly and fortnightly-mown herbage of 1925 and 1927 respectively, was not wholly the consequence of the more lenient system of cutting, but was also due in part to the protein-depressing influence of the droughty periods which were experienced in the 1928 season.

scholarly journals Verbal working memory load dissociates common indices of the numerical distance effect: Implications for the study of numerical cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin A. Maloney ◽  
Nathaniel Barr ◽  
Evan F. Risko ◽  
Jonathan A. Fugelsang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Numerical Distance ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Numerical Distance Effect

In four experiments, we explore the role that verbal WM plays in numerical comparison. Experiment 1 demonstrates that verbal WM load differentially impacts the two most common variants of numerical comparison tasks, evidenced by distinct modulation of the size of the numerical distance effect (NDE). Specifically, when comparing one Arabic digit to a standard, the size of the NDE increases as a function of increased verbal WM load; however, when comparing two simultaneously presented Arabic digits, the size of the NDE decreases (and here is eliminated) as a function of an increased verbal WM load. Experiment 2, using the same task structure but different stimuli (physical size judgments), provides support for the notion that this pattern of results is unique to tasks employing numerical stimuli. Experiment 3 demonstrates that the patterns observed in Experiment 1 are not an artifact of the stimulus pairs used. Experiment 4 provides evidence that the differing pattern of results observed between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 are due to differences in stimuli (numerical vs. non-numerical) rather than to other differences between tasks. These results are discussed in terms of current theories of numerical comparison.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Don’t Put Me in This Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Jort de Vreeze ◽  
Christina Matschke
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Memberships

Abstract. Not all group memberships are self-chosen. The current research examines whether assignments to non-preferred groups influence our relationship with the group and our preference for information about the ingroup. It was expected and found that, when people are assigned to non-preferred groups, they perceive the group as different to the self, experience negative emotions about the assignment and in turn disidentify with the group. On the other hand, when people are assigned to preferred groups, they perceive the group as similar to the self, experience positive emotions about the assignment and in turn identify with the group. Finally, disidentification increases a preference for negative information about the ingroup.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document