Some Effects of Reward on the Strength of Position Stereotypes in the White Rat

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Knöpeelmacher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Soluble Problem

Certain aspects of Maier's hypothesis that rigid behaviour stereotypes elicited in an insoluble problem situation are not explicable in terms of goal-motivated learning were tested thus: Forty-one white rats of Wistar stock were exposed to an insoluble problem in a water discrimination unit. Each of the twenty-four animals who formed position stereotypes was assigned to one of four groups. One of these groups served as a control and received no special treatment. Each of the remaining three experimental groups was given a different number of successively rewarded trials to the side of the stereotype. Finally, all groups were presented with a soluble problem, and the strengths of the stereotypes in each group observed in terms of the breaking of the stereotypes. It was found that the strength of the stereotype behaviour was directly proportional to the number of rewarded trials. None of the stereotypes was sufficiently rigid to meet Maier's criterion of “fixated” response patterns. More stereotypes were formed by males than females. On the other hand no sex differences appeared in the subsequent behaviour of animals who did form stereotypes. These results are interpreted as showing that stereotyped responses formed under conditions of the present experiment are not qualitatively different from learned responses.

Sex Differences in Privacy Preferences

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Female College ◽  
Privacy Preferences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean

A Privacy Questionnaire was administered to 118 male and 142 female college students to determine differences in the patterns of privacy preferences between the sexes. The questionnaire contained factor scales for measuring six independent types of privacy. t-tests showed that the means for women were significantly higher than those for men in their preferences for Intimacy with Family and Intimacy with Friends. On the other hand, for Isolation the mean for men was significantly higher than that for women. There were no significant differences between the means for the two sexes on the remaining three dimensions, Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity.

scholarly journals TUMOR INOCULATION INTO ORGANS AND THE ANALOGY BETWEEN HUMAN CANCER AND THE TUMORS OF WHITE MICE AND WHITE RATS

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Levin
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

The analysis of the experiments described above indicates that tumors of the white rat or white mouse inoculated into parenchymatous organs acquire a different biological character from those inoculated subcutaneously. The latter are a great deal more benign in their behavior than human cancer or spontaneous tumors in the same species of animals. Tumors inoculated into organs, on the other hand, are quite identical in their biological behavior with the malignant tumors of animal and man. A conclusion must then be drawn, even a priori, that the method of inoculation into organs is a very important aid in the experimental investigation of cancer. It is true that the method is a great deal more complicated and time-consuming than the ordinary subcutaneous inoculation. The subcutaneous method is satisfactory for a number of cancer problems. One of these is the study of general susceptibility and resistance of the organism of the host to the inoculation of the tumors, and this is a subject of paramount importance in cancer research. On the other hand, the investigations of the writer (10) have shown that an animal may be susceptible to a subcutaneous inoculation of a certain tumor and resist the inoculation of the same tumor into the testicle. Undoubtedly this method of inoculation will reveal the existence of a number of other phenomena. The discovery of specific therapeutic measures is certainly the greatest problem in cancer research. A great deal of work has been done already on the subject, and the latest investigations of Wassermann on the chemotherapy of experimental tumors seem to be of great promise. But here also the therapeutic methods must be tried on animals in which the inoculations of tumor cells have been made into parenchymatous organs before the growths thus treated will have any analogy to human cancer. In this connection one must bear in mind the fact that all the empirical so-called specific cancer remedies, which are continually being devised, are usually successful in treating localized skin cancers and fail utterly in the malignant growths of the internal organs. It is comparatively easy to produce a localized necrosis and softening in a circumscribed growth of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but whether the same result will be produced on a diffuse and better nourished tumor growing inside of a parenchymatous organ cannot be decided a priori. To determine this it is necessary to have experimental proof on animals in which the tumor was inoculated into organs.

Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vietze ◽  
Martha Foster ◽  
Steven Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Baseline Levels

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.

scholarly journals Perempuan Berpolitik dalam Perspektif Islam

Raheema ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusnila Rusnila
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Life Politics

“Woman” undoubtedly becomes the most talked issue. The debate of this matter is not only about the sex differences but also about the existent role in the society. Furthermore, woman will be more striven when her existence being asked in publicly. Traditional thought considers the existence of woman by limiting the civilization. On the other hand, open minded and modernization trait lead the woman existence by describing her potential traits. As a part of life, politics is an entrance for women to develop their willingness to be more recognized in the society. Besides, there are theological issues which merge in the process of women recognizing in a political field.

scholarly journals Asas Retroaktif pada Kasus Pelanggaran HAM (Perspektif Hukum Islam)

ULUMUNA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-80
Author(s):  
Ikhwan Ikhwan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Principle Of Legality ◽  
Muslim Scholars

The principle of retroactiveness in The Act, Number 26 in 2000 on Human Rights Jurisdiction provokes pros and cons. In one hand, severe violence against human rights is an extra ordinary crime that requires special treatment. On the other hand, retroactive legislation is against the principle of legality. In Islamic law, an act is considered a crime if it is proven by juridical evidences. An act is not considered a crime unless there is punishment for it. Therefore, every juridical decision adheres to the principle of legality that limits the extent of a law just for the future, not retroactive. According to most Muslim scholars, the principle of retroactiveness could be implemented if a new law is more just and humane without breaking the attainment of law ends. Implementation of the principle for severe violence against human rights is not allowed because it does not meet such requirement.

scholarly journals Sex change in the plumage of brown leghorn capons following the injection of certain synthetic æstrus-producing compounds

1934 ◽  
Vol 114 (788) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Rats And Mice

It has been shown (Cook, Dodds, Hewett, and Lawson, p. 272) that certain phenanthrene and dibenzanthracene compounds are capable of causing all the known phenomena of œstrus when injected into overiectomized rats and mice. In order to investigate the actions of the compounds in another species it was decided to study their effects upon injection into capons. Any possible result of these injections was looked for in the modifications and growth of the comb and in the plumage. At the outset it may be stated that up to the present no acceleration of comb growth has been obtained from these compounds, but very definite alternations in the plumage have resulted from their injection. Amongst others, Juhn and Gustavson (1930, a ) have shown that œstrone is injected in sufficient quantity into Brown Leghorn capons regenerating feathers are female in type. For this reason it is usual, when dealing with this substance, to remove a number of feathers from certain regions ( e. g. wing, breast, and saddle) of the capons some time previous to the commencement of the injections. The sex differences in this breed are extremely well marked so that deviations in colour or structure from either sex type of feather during experimentation can be readily appreciated: in the female, all feathers, with the exception of the neck hackle, breast, and flight feathers, are rounded and of a brownish colur finely pencilled with black; the breast feathers are similiar in structure, but are salmon in colour. The male, on the other hand, is a more highly coloured bird; the red or orange saddle feathers are long, lanceolate, and deeply fringed, while those of the breast and wing bar are a solid black and unfringed, and approach more nearly in structure to the female type.

Effets de la thymectomie néonatale sur la teneur en magnésium du plasma et de quelques tissus du rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-503
Author(s):  
P. Deschaux ◽  
Binimbi-Massengo ◽  
Y. Charnot ◽  
R. Fontanges
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Magnesium Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Protein Factor ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Other Hand

White rats were thymectomized neonatally. After 60 days, no alteration was noted in the plasma or testis magnesium level. On the other hand, a marked decrease was observed in the magnesium content of muscle (−23%) and of bone (−19%). The injection of thymosin reversed these changes. These findings suggest that a correlation between the thymus and the muscle is exerted by a protein factor (thymosin), and that the thymus may act on sex glands through an indirect pathway.

Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 248-266
Author(s):  
Hilary Charlesworth
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Women's Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The One

This chapter offers an overview of UN approaches to women’s lives in legal instruments. It begins by describing the engagement of women’s organizations with international institutions from the start of the twentieth century, particularly the League of Nations. It then moves to UN treaties dealing with women. Its focus is the major UN treaty in this area, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the work of its monitoring body, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (. The chapter also describes the extensive reservations states parties have entered to the Convention. It discusses the different accounts of nondiscrimination and equality that emerge in UN treaties. The international sphere illustrates the paradox for feminists of, on the one hand, insisting that differences between women and men should be irrelevant in claiming political rights; while, on the other hand, acting in the name of the category of women, thus bolstering the idea of difference. One strand of provisions in UN treaties aims to eradicate differences in the treatment of women, compared to men. Another strand has sought to recognize the particularity of women’s lives, calling for special treatment and often endorsing a rather limited notion of womanhood in the process. These two strands coexist and are regularly included in the same treaty, even though they can be in normative tension.

Chronicles and intertextuality in early rabbinic literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-725
Author(s):  
Blaire A French
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Rabbinic Literature ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Leviticus Rabbah ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The call to read Chronicles ‘midrashically’ in Leviticus Rabbah 1.3 and Ruth Rabbah 2.1 challenges the contemporary understanding of intertextuality in the early Rabbis’ interpretation of Scripture. David Stern, James Kugel, and others claim that the sages considered each word of the Bible to be equal, regardless of who wrote it or when. The Rabbis’ insistence, however, that Chronicles receive special treatment contradicts this assertion. This article argues that Chronicles’ late date of composition had a dual effect. On the one hand, Chronicles’ lateness reduced its authority and led the Rabbis to give greater weight to the words of the Primary History in their intertextual readings. On the other hand, Chronicles’ retelling of the past provided a biblical warrant for the Rabbis’ own reshaping of tradition.

Antecedent Confinement and Detour Learning in Turtles

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin M. Spigel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Optimal Learning ◽  
Performance Deficit ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Learning Progress ◽  
Detour Learning ◽  
Post Trial

Pre-trial confinement of turtles seriously interferes with optimal learning of an escape pattern in a detour situation. Post-trial confinement, on the other hand, fails to affect the learning progress as compared with that of controls given no confinement experience. The continued improvement of Ss given consistent pre-trial confinement suggests that the turtles eventually habituate to the aversive antecedent conditions. Results support the explanation of the induced performance deficit as interference by the persistence of response patterns established during the confinement period.

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