Powerful Individuals Behave Less Cooperatively in Common Resource Dilemmas When Treated Unfairly

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Xiuxin Wang ◽  
Mengli Wang ◽  
Qian Sun ◽  
Qianyun Gao ◽  
Yongfang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Common Resource ◽  
Sense Of Power ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Previous research has suggested that power undermines cooperation in social dilemmas. However, the story may not be so simple. Guided by recent findings that power heightens sensitivity to unfairness, we examined the moderating effect of distributive justice on the association between power and cooperation. Across two experiments, when treated unfairly, high-power (vs. low-power) participants perceived greater unfairness. Moreover, high-power (vs. low-power) participants behaved less cooperatively not only when they interacted with the offender who treated them unfairly (Experiment 1), but also when they interacted with innocent third parties (Experiment 2). However, high-power and low-power participants showed no difference in perceived fairness and cooperation when treated fairly. These findings shed light on the association between power and cooperation by suggesting the modulating role of distributive justice, and they remind us that researchers should take participants’ personal sense of power into account when manipulating fairness.

The Malleability of Stereotype Effects on Spontaneous Trait Inferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Meifang Wang ◽  
Feng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Baseline Condition ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Sense Of Power ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract. Past research has demonstrated that perceivers are more likely to draw spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) from stereotype-consistent behaviors than from stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Four studies were conducted to examine the moderating role of power in stereotype effects on STIs. Priming power using the scrambled sentence task, Study 1 found that high-power participants drew STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent but not from elderly stereotype-inconsistent sentences, while low-power participants did not draw STIs from elderly stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent behaviors. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 by exploring the moderating role of power in gender stereotype effects on STIs. Measuring participants’ dispositional power via the Personal Sense of Power, Study 3 found that dispositional power also moderated the effects of gender stereotype on STIs. Study 4 found that compared with the baseline condition (no-power manipulation), the low-power condition inhibited STIs from stereotype-consistent behaviors, but the high-power condition did not facilitate STI formation from stereotype-consistent behaviors. The current study is the first to show that power influences the reliance on stereotypes when spontaneously inferring traits from behaviors.

Feeling Guilty and Flattering God: The Mediating Role of Prayer

2021 ◽  
pp. 009164712199242
Author(s):  
Beata Zarzycka ◽  
Kamil Tomaka ◽  
Katarzyna Zając ◽  
Klaudia Marek
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Shame Proneness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Mediator

Ingratiation refers to acts of flattery, typically given by a low-power person to a high-power one, performed to gain acceptance and approval. This study investigates ingratiation in the religious setting, asking whether people feeling high levels of guilt or shame tend to manifest such ingratiating behavior toward God. The study aimed to examine the mediating role of prayer in the relationship between guilt and shame and ingratiation toward God. A total of 148 respondents (80 women and 68 men) participated in the study. The Religious Ingratiation Scale, the Content of Prayer Scale, and the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale were applied to the research. The results showed that feeling guilty increased the tendency to ingratiation toward God. Prayer was the significant mediator in this relationship. People high in guilt tend to flatter God by offering more adoration and fewer repine prayers.

How power states and others’ statuses influence status consumption: The role of signaling effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Jin ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Status Consumption ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Power Scale ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

This research aims to examine how power states and others’ statuses interact to influence status consumption. Specifically, consumers in low-power states are more inclined to engage in status consumption than those in high-power states when others’ statuses are superior. However, consumers in high-power states are more inclined to engage in status consumption than those in low-power states when others’ statuses are inferior. Signaling effectiveness plays a mediating role in the interaction effect of power states and others’ statuses on status consumption. Two studies were conducted to test our hypotheses. Study 1 tested how others’ statuses moderate the effects of power states on status consumption and how signaling effectiveness mediates the moderating role of others’ statuses on the effects of power states on status consumption. Study 2 further tested the two hypotheses in a different scenario through the sense of the power scale used to measure the power state. This research confirms the effects of power states on status consumption depending on others’ statuses and the fundamental mechanism of status consumption. The theoretical contributions and practical implications are of value for both researchers and managers.

“We All Suffered!”—The Role of Power in Rhetorical Strategies of Inclusive Victimhood and Its Consequences for Intergroup Relations

2020 ◽  
pp. 337-358
Author(s):  
Andrew McNeill ◽  
Johanna Ray Vollhardt
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Rhetorical Function

This chapter examines the different meaning and outcomes of inclusive victim consciousness, depending on who is claiming similarities with whom, and which power dynamics are involved. Drawing on perspectives in rhetorical psychology, the authors argue that these inclusive victimhood claims have a rhetorical function and are always expressed with an audience in mind. While this does not preclude authentic identification with other victim groups, there can also be a selective, strategic use of inclusive victim beliefs that does not result in empathy. For example, high power groups’ claims of having suffered similarly to other groups may serve to legitimize their conflict position or violence. The chapter reviews examples that illustrate the different effects of inclusive victim consciousness expressed by members of high-power groups in relation to other high-power or low-power groups, and by members of low-power groups in relation to high- or low-power groups.

Induced Social Power Improves Visual Working Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Hadar ◽  
Roy Luria ◽  
Nira Liberman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
High Power ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Filtering Efficiency ◽  
Sense Of Power

The possibility that social power improves working memory relative to conditions of powerlessness has been invoked to explain why manipulations of power improve performance in many cognitive tasks. Yet, whether power facilitates working memory performance has never been tested directly. In three studies, we induced high or low sense of power using the episodic recall task and tested participants’ visual working memory capacity. We found that working memory capacity estimates were higher in the high-power than in the low-power condition in the standard change-detection task (Study 1), in a variation of the task that introduced distractors alongside the targets (Study 2), and in a variation that used real-world objects (Study 3). Studies 2 and 3 also tested whether high power improved working memory relative to low power by enhancing filtering efficiency, but did not find support for this hypothesis. We discuss implications for theories of both power and working memory.

scholarly journals POWER DISTANCE AS A MODERATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE AND JOB SATISFACTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azman Ismail ◽  
Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol ◽  
Hilmi Azani Husain ◽  
Nurshahira Ibrahim ◽  
Yusof Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
High Power ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Organisational Justice ◽  
High Power Distance ◽  
The Relationship

Lacking awareness of appropriate type of power to apply might cause top management to implement equitable practices that fail to produce job satisfaction among subordinates. This study attempts to assess the relationship between organisational justice, power distance and job satisfaction among employees of Selangor Office of State secretary, Malaysia. It employed a survey method to gather data from the employees. The SmartPLS is used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the survey data and test the research hypotheses. The results of SmartPLS path model analysis revealed two important findings: First, the interaction between distributive justice and low power distance was significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Second, the interaction between procedural justice and high-power distance was significantly correlated with job satisfaction. This outcome confirms that the relationship between distributive justice and job satisfaction is moderated by low power distance, while the relationship between procedural justice and job satisfaction is moderated by high power distance. Further, significant recommendations from this study can help practitioners to understand diverse perspectives of power distance and draw up cross-cultural management plans to enable their human resource to contribute towards the attainment of the organisation’s vision and missions.  

Third-Party Characteristics and Intergroup Conflict Resolution

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Breaugh ◽  
Richard J. Klimoski ◽  
Mitchell B. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
High Power ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Party Characteristics

This laboratory experiment examined the differing effects of anticipating a mediator versus an arbitrator upon the negotiating behavior of group spokesmen who represented actual constituencies. In addition, the reputation (attractiveness) of the third party was also manipulated. It was hypothesized, based upon previous research, that representatives facing high-power third parties (arbitrators) would have more difficulty in negotiations. This, in fact, was found. Representatives facing a third party with arbitration power took more time to reach an agreement, used more bargaining dyads and had more deadlocks than did representatives who faced a low-power third party. Contrary to expectations, no main effect was found for third-party reputation. In concluding, the importance of replicating this study's findings was emphasized.

Rejection sensitivity hurts your open mind: Effects of rejection sensitivity and power position for wise reasoning in workplace conflicts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dorfman ◽  
Harrison Oakes ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
Related Individual ◽  
Workplace Conflicts ◽  
Lower Performance ◽  
Power Position

Six studies (N = 1,617) tested the role of dispositional rejection sensitivity (RS) and manipulated power position for wise reasoning among managers and subordinates in workplace conflicts: intellectual humility, consideration of change/multiple ways a situation may unfold, recognition of others’ perspectives, search for compromise/resolution, and outsider’s viewpoint. RS was systematically related to lower performance on each aspect of wise reasoning, above and beyond other threat-related individual differences. Effects of power position were modest and nuanced: Whereas low-(vs. high-) power position facilitated intellectual humility, consideration of change, and search for compromise, high-(vs. low-) power position facilitated consideration of others’ perspectives. We discuss implications for understanding the influence of rejection-related tendencies and power on reasoning processes in social conflicts.

Powerful or Powerless When Change is Needed: Effects of Power on Escalation of Commitment

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Hongchang Li ◽  
Zhongming Wang
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
High Power ◽  
Escalation Of Commitment ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Quadratic Relationship ◽  
Sense Of Power

We investigated how either lack or possession of power affects the individual's escalation of commitment (EOC), that is, the decision to continue the original course of action when confronted with negative feedback. We differentiated the motivational and cognitive approaches to EOC, and argued that both lacking power (being powerless) and possessing power (being powerful) would intensify the effects of these two approaches so that high-power individuals and low-power individuals would be more prone to EOC than were those with a moderate degree of power. We conducted two studies with university students as participants. We used different measures of EOC; in the first study we measured general sense of power and in the second we primed power. In both studies results showed that there was a quadratic relationship between power and EOC. The implications for the research on EOC, de-escalation, and power are discussed.

The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽  
Ana Letícia Pereira Andrade ◽  
Mayara Monte Feitosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Zinc Transporters ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

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