Gender patterns in social touch: The impact of setting and age.

1990 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Major ◽  
Anne Marie Schmidlin ◽  
Lynne Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Touch ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Work-Family Balance, Participation in Family Work and Parental Self-Efficacy in Chilean Workers

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Andrés Jiménez Figueroa ◽  
Verónica Gómez Urrutia ◽  
Gonzalo Palomo-Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Organizational Policies ◽  
Family Work ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Work Family Balance ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes differences regarding work-family balance, participation in family work, and parental self-efficacy in workers (N=300) in Chile according to their sex and their status as income providers. Three instruments (Survey Work-Home Interaction-Nijmegen, Questionnaire of Participation in Family Work, and the Parental Evaluation Scale) were applied to workers from public and private organizations. Our results show that participation in family work is positively related to work-family balance, while the latter, in turn, is positively associated with parental self-efficacy. Furthermore, sex and being the main income provider in the household shows differential effects in both participation in family work and perception of parental self-efficacy. These results, we conclude, suggest the persistence of some elements of traditional gender patterns. This underlines the need to examine organizational policies from a gender perspective and to analyze the impact of public policy on organizational practices.

Illustrating Feminist Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn H. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Subordinate Role

Feminist theory holds that many of the pathological behaviors observed in patients result from their position in the social hierarchy. The goals of the demonstration detailed in this article are to show the impact of current gender roles on the psychological well-being of women and men and to generate understanding and discussion of the problems that relative status can create in the therapeutic relationship. This teaching demonstration draws parallels between the Zimbardo (1971) prison experiment and the impact that assignment to low- and high-power roles can have on the psychological health of women and men. Students are asked to rate men and women on some of the diagnostic criteria that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) associates with Axis I and II diagnoses. The students watch a video of Zimbardo's prison study and then rate the prisoners and guards. This demonstration provides another explanation for gender patterns in psychopathology by demonstrating that psychologically healthy White males will develop different patterns of psychopathology depending on whether they are placed in a dominant or subordinate role. When placed in the subordinate role, they exhibit behaviors typically seen in women clients; when placed in a dominant role they exhibit behaviors commonly associated with male clients. This exercise demonstrates the unhealthy nature of the gender roles for both women and men.

scholarly journals Women in Current Cuba: A Balance between Gains Made and Continuing Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Elena Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Social Participation ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Women Participation

In this analysis, it highlights some significant achievements of a diverse character in various areas of women participation in Cuba, but these successes should be assessed through the prism of continuing and stubborn persistence of traditional gender patterns with a specific focus on the female gender. The impact of traditional ideology is strong and its effects are unfavorable, but, on balance, a positive situation prevails. In short, the Cuban woman continues to develop her social participation with her full creative force allowing her to transform herself while striving for the continuance and further development of the achievements and values of her society.

Technology, enrollment gender gap and the impact of social norms in rural China

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hejun Gu ◽  
Ugur Aytun Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Investigating the relationship between gender gap in school enrollment and the spread of information and communication technology (ICT) in rural China. Design/methodology/approach Using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey for the period of 1991-2009, we document gender patterns of school enrollments of children aged between 7 and 18 years. We estimate the impact of phone and internet access on school enrollments of children using a probit model. Findings The results indicate that the spread of phone and internet access both contribute to an increase in enrollment of females. Naturally, the gender gap in enrollments is not simply shaped by technology, and social norms also play an important role. Consequently, our results also show that enrollment of females is lower in the communities where pro-son preference is stronger, holding technology and other factors constant. Originality/value We conclude that promoting further development of telecommunications services may result in narrowing the school enrollment gender gap in rural China. This conclusion is valuable in setting governmental policies as well as guiding the actions of NGOs.

scholarly journals 780 Perceived Deprivation Of Social Touch And Sleep Symptoms: Results From A Pre-COVID19 Community Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A303-A304
Author(s):  
Madhulika Gupta ◽  
Haylee Begin-Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Community Study ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Community Volunteers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The impact of social isolation and touch deprivation on sleep symptoms (insomnia, nightmares) during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic has been recognized. These results however may have been confounded by various other disease-related factors that can directly impact sleep eg., medical complications associated with COVID19; trauma response and the economic impact of the pandemic. We examined previously unpublished data, from an earlier Canadian community-based survey (1997–1998) of psychosomatic factors (including sleep symptoms), associated with perceived touch deprivation (PTD). Methods 360 consecutive consenting participants (316 community volunteers,44 psychiatric outpatients; 270 women; 94% white; mean±SD age: 38.3±14.5 years) completed a large battery of questions related to psychosomatic factors and the skin. The methods are described in previous publications [Gupta MA 2004; Gupta MA 2006] from this study. PTD was measured with the following item (rated on a 10-point Likert-type scale where “0” denoted “not at all” and rating of “9” denoted “very markedly”): “At the present time I wish I could get more hugs from others”’. Some of the sleep ratings in the survey read as follows: Insomnia1: “How long do you generally take to fall asleep at night?”(rating of “1” denoted “immediately”, “2” denoted ”1hour”). Secondly, participants rated how frequently they experienced the following sleep symptoms using a 4-point scale: “Awakenings from sleep”(Insomnia 2); “Dreams”; “Nightmares: “Snoring”; and “Jerking of arms or legs” (rating of “1” denoted “Never”, “2” denoted “Sometimes”, “3” denoted “Often”, 4 denoted “Always”). Results PTD scale scores (mean±SD: 3.81±2.85; range 0–9) correlated significantly with the following: Insomnia1 (r=0.219, p<0.001); Insomnia2 (r=0.130, p=0.014); Nightmares (r=0.118, p=0.018); Limb jerking (r=0.209, p<0.001), and age (r=-0.208, p<0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis using PTD as dependent variable and all sleep ratings, age and sex as independent variables revealed the following predictors for PTD: Insomnia1(β=0.171,t=3.3267, p=0.001), Limb jerking (β=0.151,t=2.876, p=0.004), age (β= -0.179, t= -3.456, p=0.001). Conclusion In a pre-COVID19 community study, PTD was more problematic among the younger age group, and correlated with sleep onset and maintenance difficulties, nightmares and limb jerking, highlighting the importance of social touch in sleep. Support (if any) None

scholarly journals “Touch Me If You Can!”: Individual Differences in Disease Avoidance and Social Touch

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470492110561
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Thiebaut ◽  
Alain Méot ◽  
Arnaud Witt ◽  
Pavol Prokop ◽  
Patrick Bonin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Disease Avoidance ◽  
First Line ◽  
Perceived Vulnerability ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Psychological System ◽  
Perceived Vulnerability To Disease ◽  
The Impact

The threat of diseases varies considerably among individuals, and it has been found to be linked to various proactive or reactive behaviors. In the present studies, we investigated the impact of individual differences in the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) on social touch before (Study 1) or during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (Study 2). We also investigated the influence of personality traits in the covariation between these two dimensions. We found that people who are the most disease-avoidant are also the most reluctant to touching or being touched by others (and this relationship holds when personality traits are taken into account). Interestingly, the association between PVD and social touch increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with a few months before. By showing that the fear of contamination has an association with social touch, the findings provide further evidence for the behavioral immune system ( Schaller and Park, 2011 ), a psychological system acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.

scholarly journals The impact of C-Tactile Low threshold mechanoreceptors on affective touch and social interactions in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Bourinet ◽  
Miquel Martin ◽  
Damien Huzard ◽  
Freddy Jeanneteau ◽  
Pierre-Francois Mery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Affective Touch ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Somatosensory Neurons ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Functional Deficiency

AbstractAffective touch is necessary for proper neurodevelopment and sociability. However, it is still unclear how the neurons innervating the skin detect affective and social behaviours. To clarify this matter, we targeted a specific population of somatosensory neurons in mice, named C-low threshold mechanoreceptors (C-LTMRs), that appears particularly well suited physiologically and anatomically to perceive affective and social touch but whose contribution to these processes has not yet been resolved. Our observations revealed that C-LTMRs functional deficiency from birth induced social isolation and reduced tactile interactions in adults. Conversely, transient increase in C-LTMRs excitability in adults using chemogenetics was rewarding, temporally promoted touch seeking behaviours and thus had pro-social effects on group dynamics. This work provides the first empirical evidence that specific peripheral inputs alone can drive complex social behaviour, demonstrating the existence of a specialised neuronal circuit originating from the skin wired to promote interaction with other individuals.

scholarly journals The invisibility of heterosexuality in HIV/AIDS prevention for men

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Fachel Leal ◽  
Daniela Riva Knauth ◽  
Márcia Thereza Couto
Keyword(s):  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACTHeterosexual men have been a forgotten group for HIV/AIDS interventions and research. Our goal was to identify the different elements that interfere in the prevention of HIV/AIDS among heterosexual men, covering both traditional methods of prevention (especially safe sex practices and testing) and new strategies for prevention (pre- and post-sexual exposure prophylaxis, prevention treatment, and circumcision) in this population. This exploratory article consists of a nonsystematic review of the literature. We discuss the invisibility of heterosexual men in policies, in programs, and in health services. The several interventions analyzed are still poorly monitored and evaluated, so there is a lack of consistent evidence regarding the impact of prevention strategies in this population. Different masculinities, including hegemonic conceptions of masculinity, must be the foundation for interventions targeting men. Men must not be seen merely as a "bridge" in the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, but also as victims of gender patterns that make them vulnerable.

scholarly journals Altered reward network responses to social touch in major depression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Mielacher ◽  
Dirk Scheele ◽  
Maximilian Kiebs ◽  
Laura Schmitt ◽  
Torge Dellert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Interpersonal Touch ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reward Network ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Affective touch is highly rewarding and an integral part of social relationships. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by severe impairments in reward processing, but the neural effects of social touch in MDD are still elusive. Objective: We aimed to determine whether the neural processing of social touch is impaired in MDD and to assess the impact of antidepressant therapy. Methods: Before and after antidepressant treatment, 53 MDD patients and 41 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while receiving social touch. We compared neural responses to social touch in the reward network, behavioral ratings of touch comfort and general aversion to interpersonal touch in MDD patients to controls. Additionally, we examined the effect of treatment response on those measures. Results: Clinical symptoms decreased after treatment and 43.4% of patients were classified as responders. Patients reported higher aversion to social touch and lower comfort ratings during the fMRI paradigm than controls. Patients showed reduced responses to social touch in the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and putamen than controls, both before and after treatment. Non-responders exhibited blunted response in the caudate nucleus and the insula compared to responders, again irrespective of treatment. Conclusions: These findings confirm our hypothesis that interpersonal touch as an indicator of social reward processing is impaired in MDD. Persistent dysfunctional processing of social touch despite clinical improvements may constitute a latent risk factor for social withdrawal and isolation. New treatment approaches are necessary to specifically target social reward processing and disturbed body awareness in MDD.

scholarly journals “Boy Crisis” or “Girl Risk”? The Gender Difference in Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Middle-School Students in China and its Relationship to Gender Role Conflict and Violent Experiences

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyan Yang ◽  
Moye Xin
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
School Students ◽  
Role Conflicts ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: We attempted to test if there were gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behaviors among Chinese middle-school students, and analyze the impact of gender role conflict and violent experiences on these behaviors among middle-school students of different genders. Method: Based on the survey data from seven middle schools in Xi’an region of China, the gender difference in NSSI behaviors and its associated factors were analyzed in this study. Results: There was no significant gender difference in NSSI behaviors among middle-school students; however, female middle-school students were more likely to experience gender role conflicts while male students were more likely to experience all kinds of violence earlier. Gender role conflicts and violent experiences can explain the prevalence of NSSI behaviors by gender, to some extent. Conclusions: The hypothesis on gender patterns of “boy crisis” or “girl risk” on NSSI prevalence was not verified; however, a “girl risk” for gender role conflicts and a “boy crisis” in violent experiences were found. The gender role conflicts were significantly associated with NSSI prevalence among middle-school students to some extent; however, this relationship was adjusted by variables of violent experiences. The different variables of violent experiences were the important predictors of NSSI prevalence among male and female middle-school students with specific contents varying across genders.

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