Relationship between facial expressiveness and sympathetic activation in emotion: A critical review, with emphasis on modeling underlying mechanisms and individual differences.

1992 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cacioppo ◽  
Bert N. Uchino ◽  
Stephen L. Crites ◽  
Mary A. Snydersmith ◽  
Gregory Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Facial Expressiveness

scholarly journals A Critical Review of the Support for Variability as an Operant Dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siv Kristin Nergaard ◽  
Per Holth
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Abundant Evidence ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Direct Reinforcement ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractThere is abundant evidence that behavioral variability is more predominant when reinforcement is contingent on it than when it is not, and the interpretation of direct reinforcement of variability suggested by Page and Neuringer, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11(3), 429–452 (1985) has been widely accepted. Even so, trying to identify the underlying mechanisms in the emergence of stochastic-like variability in a variability contingency is intricate. There are several challenges to characterizing variability as directly reinforced, most notably because reinforcement traditionally has been found to produce repetitive responding, but also because directly reinforced variability does not always relate to independent variables the same way as more commonly studied repetitive responding does. The challenging findings in variability experiments are discussed, along with alternative hypotheses on how variability contingencies may engender the high variability that they undeniably do. We suggest that the typical increase in behavioral variability that is often demonstrated when reinforcement is contingent on it may be better explained in terms of a dynamic interaction of reinforcement and extinction working on several specific responses rather than as directly reinforced.

Measuring Thought-Control Failure: Sensory Mechanisms and Individual Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Kwok ◽  
Gaelle Leys ◽  
Roger Koenig-Robert ◽  
Joel Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Thought Control ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Attention Focus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Mental Well Being

The ability to control one’s thoughts is crucial for attention, focus, ideation, and mental well-being. Although there is a long history of research into thought control, the inherent subjectivity of thoughts has made objective examination, and thus mechanistic understanding, difficult. Here, we report a novel method to objectively investigate thought-control success and failure by measuring the sensory strength of visual thoughts using binocular rivalry, a perceptual illusion. Across five experiments ( N = 67), we found that thought-control failure may occur because of the involuntary and antithetical formation of nonreportable sensory representations during attempts at thought suppression but not during thought substitution. Notably, thought control was worse in individuals with high levels of anxiety and schizotypy but more successful in mindful individuals. Overall, our study offers insight into the underlying mechanisms of thought control and suggests that individual differences play an important role in the ability to control thoughts.

scholarly journals CaM kinase II regulates cardiac hemoglobin expression through histone phosphorylation upon sympathetic activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (44) ◽  
pp. 22282-22287
Author(s):  
Ali Reza Saadatmand ◽  
Viviana Sramek ◽  
Silvio Weber ◽  
Daniel Finke ◽  
Matthias Dewenter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
Cam Kinase Ii ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Cam Kinase ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Sympathetic activation of β-adrenoreceptors (β-AR) represents a hallmark in the development of heart failure (HF). However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of gene regulation. In human ventricular myocardium from patients with end-stage HF, we found high levels of phosphorylated histone 3 at serine-28 (H3S28p). H3S28p was increased by inhibition of the catecholamine-sensitive protein phosphatase 1 and decreased by β-blocker pretreatment. By a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that the β-AR downstream protein kinase CaM kinase II (CaMKII) directly binds and phosphorylates H3S28. Whereas, in CaMKII-deficient myocytes, acute catecholaminergic stimulation resulted in some degree of H3S28p, sustained catecholaminergic stimulation almost entirely failed to induce H3S28p. Genome-wide analysis of CaMKII-mediated H3S28p in response to chronic β-AR stress by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massive genomic sequencing led to the identification of CaMKII-dependent H3S28p target genes. Forty percent of differentially H3S28p-enriched genomic regions were associated with differential, mostly increased expression of the nearest genes, pointing to CaMKII-dependent H3S28p as an activating histone mark. Remarkably, the adult hemoglobin genes showed an H3S28p enrichment close to their transcriptional start or end sites, which was associated with increased messenger RNA and protein expression. In summary, we demonstrate that chronic β-AR activation leads to CaMKII-mediated H3S28p in cardiomyocytes. Thus, H3S28p-dependent changes may play an unexpected role for cardiac hemoglobin regulation in the context of sympathetic activation. These data also imply that CaMKII may be a yet unrecognized stress-responsive regulator of hematopoesis.

scholarly journals Expertise as a unifying framework for individual differences in the mental representation of emotional experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Hoemann ◽  
Catherine Nielson ◽  
Ashley Yuen ◽  
Jacob Gurera ◽  
Karen Quigley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Review Procedure ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Expertise refers to outstanding skill or ability in a particular domain. In the domain of emotion, expertise refers to the observation that some people are better at a range of competencies related to understanding, experiencing and managing emotions, and these competencies may help them lead healthier lives. Individual differences in emotional expertise are represented by a wide variety of psychological constructs, including emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotional complexity, emotional granularity, and emotional intelligence. These constructs derive from different theoretical perspectives, highlight different competencies, and are operationalized and measured in different ways. The full set of relationships between these constructs has not yet been considered, hindering scientific progress and the translation of these findings to aid mental and physical well-being. In this paper, we use a scoping review procedure to integrate these constructs within a shared conceptual space. Using domain-general accounts of expertise as a guide, we build a unifying framework for emotional expertise, and apply this to constructs that describe how people understand and experience their own emotions. Our approach offers opportunities to identify potential underlying mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, thereby encouraging future research on those mechanisms as well as on educational or clinical interventions.

scholarly journals Indulgent Foods Can Paradoxically Promote Disciplined Dietary Choices

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette J. Sullivan ◽  
Gavan J. Fitzsimons ◽  
Michael L. Platt ◽  
Scott A. Huettel
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Behavioral Bias ◽  
A Value ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
The Common ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

As obesity rates continue to rise, interventions promoting healthful choices will become increasingly important. Here, participants ( N = 79) made binary choices between familiar foods; some trials contained a common consequence that had a constant probability of receipt regardless of the participant’s choice. We theorized—on the basis of simulations using a value-normalization model—that indulgent common consequences potentiated disciplined choices by shaping other options’ perceived healthfulness and tastiness. Our experimental results confirmed these predictions: An indulgent common consequence more than doubled the rate of disciplined choices. We used eye-gaze data to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms, finding that an indulgent common consequence biased eye gaze toward healthful foods. Furthermore, attention toward the common consequence predicted individual differences in behavioral bias. Results were replicated across two independent samples receiving distinct goal primes. These results demonstrate that introducing an irrelevant indulgent food can alter processing of healthier items—and thus promote disciplined choices.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Freitas ◽  
Maria M. Campos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered immunonutrients and are commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients due to their ample biological effects. Omega-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in the cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Additionally, they can act as agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, namely, GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Cancer patients undergo complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain, depression, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Interestingly, the 2017 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guidelines for cancer patients only discuss the use of omega-3 PUFAs for cancer-cachexia treatment, leaving aside other cancer-related complications that could potentially be managed by omega-3 PUFA supplementation. This critical review aimed to discuss the effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in cancer-related complications. Data compilation in this critical review indicates that further investigation is still required to assess the factual benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in cancer-associated illnesses. Nevertheless, preclinical evidence reveals that omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites might modulate pivotal pathways underlying complications secondary to cancer, indicating that this is a promising field of knowledge to be explored.

Concomitant Speech and Language Disorders in Stuttering Children

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Nippold
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Speech And Language Disorders ◽  
Language Onset

This article presents a critical review of the literature concerning concomitant speech and language disorders in stuttering children. Studies published since the 1920s that examined language onset and disorders of articulation, syntax and morphology, semantics, and word finding are analyzed. Collectively, the studies present a mixed impression of stutterers, not only because of methodological variations, but also because of the tremendous variability that exists among children who stutter. Although the evidence is not convincing that stutterers as a group are more likely than nonstutterers to have deficits in any of these areas, it is clear that some stutterers do have concomitant speech and language problems that may bear some relationship to their stuttering. The message from this body of research is that individual differences among stuttering children should not be ignored during clinical or research activities.

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