The psychiatric disease risk factors DISC1 and TNIK interact to regulate synapse composition and function

Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous comorbidities, including hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing, certain cancers and major cardiovascular (CV) disease. Because of its maladaptive effects on various CV risk factors and its adverse effects on CV structure and function, obesity has a major impact on CV diseases, such as heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), sudden cardiac death, and atrial fibrillation, and is associated with reduced overall survival. Despite this adverse association, numerous studies have documented an obesity paradox in which overweight and obese people with established CV disease, including non-obese patients. This review summarizes the adverse effects of obesity on CV disease risk factors and its role in the pathogenesis of various CV diseases, review the obesity paradox and potential explanation for these puzzling data, and concludes with a discussion regarding the current state of weight reduction in the prevention and treatment of CV diseases.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-1, Jul 2014, Page 476-479

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Association of antecedent cardiovascular risk factor levels and trajectories with cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived cardiac function and structure

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance ◽

10.1186/s12968-020-00698-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Lorbeer ◽

Susanne Rospleszcz ◽

Christopher L. Schlett ◽

Sophia D. Rado ◽

Barbara Thorand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiac Function ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Individual Risk ◽

The Individual ◽

And Function ◽

Individual Risk Factors

Abstract Background The association of longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-measures of cardiac structure and function in the community is not well known. Therefore we aimed to relate risk factor levels from different examination cycles to CMR-measures of the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle in a population-based cohort. Methods We assessed conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors in 349 participants (143 women; aged 25–59 years) at three examination cycles (Exam 1 [baseline], at Exam 2 [7-years follow-up] and at Exam 3 [14-years follow-up]) of the KORA S4 cohort and related single-point measurements of individual risk factors and longitudinal trajectories of these risk factors to various CMR-measures obtained at Exam 3. Results High levels of diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and LDL-cholesterol at the individual exams were associated with worse cardiac function and structure. Trajectory clusters representing higher levels of the individual risk factors were associated with worse cardiac function and structure compared to low risk trajectory clusters of individual risk factors. Multivariable (combining different risk factors) trajectory clusters were associated with different cardiac parameters in a graded fashion (e.g. decrease of LV stroke volume for middle risk cluster β = − 4.91 ml/m2, 95% CI − 7.89; − 1.94, p < 0.01 and high risk cluster β = − 7.00 ml/m2, 95% CI − 10.73; − 3.28, p < 0.001 compared to the low risk cluster). The multivariable longitudinal trajectory clusters added significantly to explain variation in CMR traits beyond the multivariable risk profile obtained at Exam 3. Conclusions Cardiovascular disease risk factor levels, measured over a time period of 14 years, were associated with CMR-derived measures of cardiac structure and function. Longitudinal multivariable trajectory clusters explained a greater proportion of the inter-individual variation in cardiac traits than multiple risk factor assessed contemporaneous with the CMR exam.

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Stress and Psychiatric Disorders: The Role of Mitochondria

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-082719-104030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 165-186

Author(s):

Teresa E. Daniels ◽

Elizabeth M. Olsen ◽

Audrey R. Tyrka

Keyword(s):

Disease Risk ◽

Psychiatric Disease ◽

Stress Exposure ◽

Preclinical Research ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Biological Substrates ◽

Complex Relationships ◽

Dynamic Relationships ◽

And Function

In seeking to understand mental health and disease, it is fundamental to identify the biological substrates that draw together the experiences and physiological processes that underlie observed psychological changes. Mitochondria are subcellular organelles best known for their central role in energetics, producing adenosine triphosphate to power most cellular processes. Converging lines of evidence indicate that mitochondria play a key role in the biological embedding of adversity. Preclinical research documents the effects of stress exposure on mitochondrial structure and function, and recent human research suggests alterations constituting recalibrations, both adaptive and nonadaptive. Current research suggests dynamic relationships among stress exposure, neuroendocrine signaling, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. These complex relationships are implicated in disease risk, and their elucidation may inform prevention and treatment of stress- and trauma-related disorders. We review and evaluate the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction as a consequence of stress exposure and as a contributing factor to psychiatric disease.

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