In vivo antimicrobial assay of the PPO system using horseshoe crab as the model animal

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naxin Jiang ◽  
Nguan Soon Tan ◽  
Bow Ho ◽  
Jeak Ling Ding
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay

scholarly journals Seminal Plasma: Relevant for Fertility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez ◽  
Emilio A. Martinez ◽  
Juan J. Calvete ◽  
Fernando J. Peña Vega ◽  
Jordi Roca
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Sexual Glands ◽  
Species Specific

Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its composition, despite species-specific anatomical peculiarities, consistently contains inorganic ions, specific hormones, proteins and peptides, including cytokines and enzymes, cholesterol, DNA and RNA—the latter often protected within epididymis- or prostate-derived extracellular vesicles. It is beyond question that the SP participates in diverse aspects of sperm function pre-fertilization events. The SP also interacts with the various compartments of the tubular genital tract, triggering changes in gene function that prepares for an eventual successful pregnancy; thus, it ultimately modulates fertility. Despite these concepts, it is imperative to remember that SP-free spermatozoa (epididymal or washed ejaculated) are still fertile, so this review shall focus on the differences between the in vivo roles of the SP following semen deposition in the female and those regarding additions of SP on spermatozoa handled for artificial reproduction, including cryopreservation, from artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization. This review attempts, including our own results on model animal species, to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by SP components, particularly in our own species, which is increasingly affected by infertility. The ultimate goal is to reconcile the delicate balance between the SP molecular concentration and their concerted effects after temporal exposure in vivo. We aim to appraise the functions of the SP components, their relevance as diagnostic biomarkers and their value as eventual additives to refine reproductive strategies, including biotechnologies, in livestock models and humans.

scholarly journals Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Bioremediation Potentials of Orally Supplemented Free and Microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS Strains to Mitigate the Chronic Lead Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafarullah Muhammad ◽  
Rabia Ramzan ◽  
Ruifen Zhang ◽  
Dong Zhao ◽  
Mehak Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Serum Enzyme ◽  
Freundlich Model ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Amino Amide ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Lead (Pb) is a pestilent and relatively nonbiodegradable heavy metal, which causes severe health effects by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress in animal and human tissues. This is because of its significant tolerance and capability to bind Pb (430 mg/L) and thermodynamic fitness to sequester Pb in the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.98421) in vitro. Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS1.1003 was selected for further in vivo study both in free and maize resistant starch (MRS)–based microencapsulated forms to assess its bioremediation aptitude against chronic Pb lethality using adult female BALB/c mice as a model animal. Orally administered free and microencapsulated KLDS 1.1003 provided significant protection by reducing Pb levels in the blood (127.92 ± 5.220 and 101.47 ± 4.142 µg/L), kidneys (19.86 ± 0.810 and 18.02 ± 0.735 µg/g), and liver (7.27 ± 0.296 and 6.42 ± 0.262 µg/g). MRS-microencapsulated KLDS 1.0344 improved the antioxidant index and inhibited changes in blood and serum enzyme concentrations and relieved the Pb-induced renal and hepatic pathological damages. SEM and EDS microscopy showed that the Pb covered the surfaces of cells and was chiefly bound due to the involvement of the carbon and oxygen elements. Similarly, FTIR showed that the amino, amide, phosphoryl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl functional groups of bacteria and MRS were mainly involved in Pb biosorption. Based on these findings, free and microencapsulated L. acidophilus KLDS 1.0344 could be considered a potential dietetic stratagem in alleviating chronic Pb toxicity.

Physiological characteristics of gastric contractions and circadian gastric motility in the free-moving conscious house musk shrew (Suncus murinus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (4) ◽  
pp. R1106-R1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Sakahara ◽  
Zuoyun Xie ◽  
Kanako Koike ◽  
Satoya Hoshino ◽  
Ichiro Sakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Gastric Body ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
Musk Shrew ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Small Model

Although many studies have demonstrated the physiological action of motilin on the migrating motor complex, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. To obtain new insights into the mechanisms, we focused on the house musk shrew ( Suncus murinus, suncus used as a laboratory name) as a small model animal for in vivo motilin study, and we studied the physiological characteristics of suncus gastrointestinal motility. Strain gauge transducers were implanted on the serosa of the gastric body and duodenum, and we recorded gastrointestinal contractions in the free-moving conscious suncus and also examined the effects of intravenous infusion of various agents on gastrointestinal motility. During the fasted state, the suncus stomach and duodenum showed clear migrating phase III contractions (intervals of 80–150 min) as found in humans and dogs. Motilin (bolus injection, 100–300 ng/kg; continuous infusion, 10–100 ng·kg−1·min−1) and erythromycin (80 μg·kg−1·min−1) induced gastric phase III contractions, and motilin injection also increased the gastric motility index in a dose-dependent manner ( P < 0.05, vs. saline). Pretreatment with atropine completely abolished the motilin-induced gastric phase III contractions. On the other hand, in the free-feeding condition, the suncus showed a relatively long fasting period in the light phase followed by spontaneous gastric phase III contractions. The results suggest that the suncus has almost the same gastrointestinal motility and motilin response as those found in humans and dogs, and we propose the suncus as a new small model animal for studying gastrointestinal motility and motilin in vivo.

scholarly journals In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial effect of Croton lobatus Linnaeus L. on two days post surgical wounds in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Kilani ◽  
AZ Hassan ◽  
ST Fadason ◽  
AM Obalowu ◽  
A Aliyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay

Phytochemical constituents of Croton lobatus L. (C. lobatus) water extracts and quantitative analysis were carried out following standard procedures. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591); Streptococcus Spp; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9028); Proteus vulgaris; Escherichia coli (ATCC 43895); and Salmonella Spp (ATCC 4932) was carried out at the concentration of 0.5g/mL, 0.05 g/mL and 0.00 5g/mL of water. In vivo antimicrobial assay was carried out by creating four wounds of 0.5 by 0.5 cm on dorsal surface of a male albino rat under anesthesia. The wounds were left for 48 hrs, after which they were accessed and samples were collected for culture, identification and colony forming unit counts (CFU). Respective treatment using dried C. lobatus, C. lobatus (water extract), Physiological saline solution and Cicatrin powder was carried out and samples were collected at day one, three, five and seven after initiation of treatments for CFU counts on nutrient and MacConkey agar. The phytochemical studies revealed that C. lobatus contains carbohydrates, glycoside, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Croton lobatus L. showed a dose dependent activity against micro organisms with C. lobatus 0.5 inhibited the growth of most bacteria at the zone of inhibition ≤ 21mm. This was also supported by in vivo antimicrobial assay. Secondary metabolite tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, crotonic acids and saponin were responsible for its antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms thereby supporting its usage by the traditional medicine practitioner in Nigeria to treat chronic wounds. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 139-146, 2019

scholarly journals Interaction of Antibiotics with Innate Host Defense Factors against Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Sakoulas ◽  
Monika Kumaraswamy ◽  
Armin Kousha ◽  
Victor Nizet
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly understood that the current paradigms of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing may have significant shortcomings in predicting activity in vivo. This study evaluated the activity of several antibiotics alone and in combination against clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (meningitis case) utilizing both conventional and physiological media. In addition, the interactions of these antibiotics with components of the innate immune system were evaluated. Azithromycin, which has performed quite well clinically despite high MICs in conventional media, was shown to be more active in physiological media and to enhance innate immune system killing. Alternatively, chloramphenicol did not show enhanced immune system killing, paralleling its inferior clinical performance to other antibiotics that have been used to treat Salmonella meningitis. These findings are important additions to the building understanding of current in vitro antimicrobial assay limitations that hopefully will amount to future improvements in these assays to better predict clinical efficacy and activity in vivo. This study examines the pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials that are used to treat Salmonella with each other and with key components of the innate immune system. Antimicrobial synergy was assessed using time-kill and checkerboard assays. Antimicrobial interactions with innate immunity were studied by employing cathelicidin LL-37, whole-blood, and neutrophil killing assays. Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were found to be synergistic in vitro against Salmonella enterica serotype Newport. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin each demonstrated synergy with the human cathelicidin defense peptide LL-37 in killing Salmonella. Exposure of Salmonella to sub-MICs of ceftriaxone resulted in enhanced susceptibility to LL-37, whole blood, and neutrophil killing. The activity of antibiotics in vivo against Salmonella may be underestimated in bacteriologic media lacking components of innate immunity. The pharmacodynamic interactions of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella with each other and with components of innate immunity warrant further study in light of recent findings showing in vivo selection of antimicrobial resistance by single agents in this pathogen. IMPORTANCE It is becoming increasingly understood that the current paradigms of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing may have significant shortcomings in predicting activity in vivo. This study evaluated the activity of several antibiotics alone and in combination against clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (meningitis case) utilizing both conventional and physiological media. In addition, the interactions of these antibiotics with components of the innate immune system were evaluated. Azithromycin, which has performed quite well clinically despite high MICs in conventional media, was shown to be more active in physiological media and to enhance innate immune system killing. Alternatively, chloramphenicol did not show enhanced immune system killing, paralleling its inferior clinical performance to other antibiotics that have been used to treat Salmonella meningitis. These findings are important additions to the building understanding of current in vitro antimicrobial assay limitations that hopefully will amount to future improvements in these assays to better predict clinical efficacy and activity in vivo.

scholarly journals Gonadotrope Plasticity at Cellular and Population Levels

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (10) ◽  
pp. 4729-4739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahara Alim ◽  
Cheryl Hartshorn ◽  
Oliver Mai ◽  
Iain Stitt ◽  
Colin Clay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Acute Changes

Abstract Hormone-secreting cells within the anterior pituitary gland may form organized and interdigitated networks that adapt to changing endocrine conditions in different physiological contexts. For gonadotropes, this might reflect a strategy to cope with acute changes throughout different female reproductive stages. The current study examined gonadotropes in female mice at characteristically different hormonal stages: prepubertal, postpubertal, and lactating. Gonadotrope plasticity was examined at the level of the whole population and single cells at different stages by imaging both fixed and live pituitary slices. The use of a model animal providing for the identification of selectively fluorescent gonadotropes allowed the particular advantage of defining cellular plasticity specifically for gonadotropes. In vivo analyses of gonadotropes relative to vasculature showed significantly different gonadotrope distributions across physiological states. Video microscopy studies using live slices ex vivo demonstrated pituitary cell plasticity in the form of movements and protrusions in response to GnRH. As positive feedback from rising estradiol levels is important for priming the anterior pituitary gland for the LH surge, experiments provide evidence of estradiol effects on GnRH signaling in gonadotropes. The experiments presented herein provide new insight into potential plasticity of gonadotropes within the anterior pituitary glands of female mice.

scholarly journals Integrated Network Pharmacology and Lipidomics to Reveal the Inhibitory Effect of Qingfei Oral Liquid on Excessive Autophagy in RSV-Induced Lung Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Lin ◽  
Li An ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Lu Feng ◽  
Mengjiang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Mtor Signaling Pathway ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Oral Liquid ◽  
Lipin 1 ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause varying degrees of lung inflammation in children. Qingfei Oral Liquid (QF) is effective in treating childhood RSV-induced lung inflammation (RSV-LI) in clinics, but its pharmacological profiles and mechanisms remain unclear.Methods: This study combined network Pharmacology, lipidomics, pharmacodynamics, and pathway validation to evaluate the therapeutic mechanisms of QF. Using Cytoscape (v3.8.2) and enrichment analyses from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO), a global view of the putative compound-target-pathway network was created. The corresponding lipidomic profiles were then used to detect differently activated lipids, revealing the metabolic pathway, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography linked to hybrid Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS). Meanwhile, the in vivo efficiency of QF, the enrichment pathway, and the excessive autophagy inhibition mechanisms were validated in RSV-infected mice models.Results: The network pharmacology results demonstrated 117 active compounds acted directly upon 101 core targets of QF against RSV-LI. The most significantly enriched pathway was the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, untargeted lipidomics were performed, and it was revealed that higher lung levels of DAG 30:0, DAG 30:5, DAG 32:0, DAG 16:0_18:0, DAG 17:0_17:0, DAG 34:1, DAG 36:0, DAG 36:1 in the RSV-LI group were decreased after QF administration (FDR &lt; 0.05, FC &gt; 1.2). Lipin-1, a key enzyme in DAG synthesis, was increased in the RSV-LI mouse model. Animal experiments further validated that QF inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, with lower lung levels of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT and mTOR, as well as its related proteins of lipin-1 and VPS34 (p &lt; 0.01). Finally, pharmacodynamic investigations indicated that QF reduced airway inflammation caused by excessive autophagy by decreasing lung levels of RSV F and G proteins, Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3B II, IL-1 and TNF-α (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: Lipidomic-based network pharmacology, along with experimental validation, may be effective approaches for illustrating the therapeutic mechanism of QF in the treatment of RSV-LI.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF ENDOTOXIN (LPS) IN VIVO BY USING HORSESHOE CRAB FACTOR C

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Uragoh ◽  
K Sueishi ◽  
T Nakamura ◽  
S Iwanaga ◽  
K Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Ig G

The localization of LPS in vivo was studied with immunohistochemical method using Ig G against Factor C, which was extracted from hemocyte lysate of horseshoe crab and had the specific affinity to LPS. Organs of rats and guinea pigs were light microscopically investigated at different times after intravenous injection of LPS (E.coli; 0111:B4,026:B6 and salmonella typhosa). Tissues were fixed with buffered formalin and then embedded in paraffin. Deparaffinized sections were incubated with Factor C (lpg/ml) for 1 hr, and then with anti-Factor C Ig G for 1 hr, followed by immunoperoxidase method. The immunohistochemical specificity was examined by absorption of Factor C with LPS, binding competition between Factor C and anti-LPS factor which was extracted from hemocyte lysate of horseshoe crab as well as Factor C or using normal animal tissues and normal Ig G. The immunohistochemical specificity was revealed by these examinations. Immunohistochemically, LPS located predominantly in liver and lung, especially in Kupffer cells and infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils, and aggregated platelets since 5 minutes after intravenous injection of LPS. On the endothelial surface of hepatic sinusoids, glomeruli and pulmonary vessels, LPS was also detected in early period. In addition, LPS was also shown within adrenocortical parenchymal cells, particularly of fascicular zone, later. LPS was not detected 3 days after injection of LPS in liver and lung, but remained during 3 days of observation in adrenocortical parenchymal cells. The present studies revealed that Factor C could be available for immunohistochemical demonstration of LPS in vivo, and reticuloendothelial system, macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils were important as the scavenger cells of LPS and might play a significant role on the development of multiorgan failure in endotoxemia.

Antioxidant, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities of peptide fractions from fermented skim milk with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjun Qian ◽  
Meizi Xing ◽  
Lei Cui ◽  
Yun Deng ◽  
Yuqun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulation Index ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme ◽  
Murine Spleen ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antihypertensive and immunomodulatory characteristics of skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340. Supernatants obtained from the ferments after centrifugation were subjected to ultrafiltration and yielded four peptidic fractions of 10–5 kDa, 5–3 kDa, 3–1 kDa, and <1·0 kDa. Peptides in 5–3 kDa range exhibited a good antioxidant activity. The peptides (<1·0 k) was applied to Superdex-30 G column fractionation and produced six fractions (F1–6). Fraction F2 presented the highest angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition activity with IC50 of 67·71±7·62 mg/ml. Moreover, fraction F6, which displayed a good immunomodulatory activity, had a positive effect on murine spleen lymphocyte proliferation with Stimulation Index of 0·729±0·123. The present data showed the potential of the milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LB340 as a functional food, however, further research is needed to evaluate the biofunctional activity of this fermentation product in vivo using model animal.

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