scholarly journals Cerebral μ-opioid and CB1 receptor systems have distinct roles in human feeding behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatu Kantonen ◽  
Tomi Karjalainen ◽  
Laura Pekkarinen ◽  
Janne Isojärvi ◽  
Kari Kalliokoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
External Eating ◽  
Eating Styles ◽  
Pet Scans

AbstractEating behavior varies greatly between individuals, but the neurobiological basis of these trait-like differences in feeding remains poorly understood. Central μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) regulate energy balance via multiple neural pathways, promoting food intake and reward. Because obesity and eating disorders have been associated with alterations in the brain’s opioid and endocannabinoid signaling, the variation in MOR and CB1R system function could potentially underlie distinct eating behavior phenotypes. In this retrospective positron emission tomography (PET) study, we analyzed [11C]carfentanil PET scans of MORs from 92 healthy subjects (70 males and 22 females), and [18F]FMPEP-d2 scans of CB1Rs from 35 subjects (all males, all also included in the [11C]carfentanil sample). Eating styles were measured with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). We found that lower cerebral MOR availability was associated with increased external eating—individuals with low MORs reported being more likely to eat in response to environment’s palatable food cues. CB1R availability was associated with multiple eating behavior traits. We conclude that although MORs and CB1Rs overlap anatomically in brain regions regulating food reward, they have distinct roles in mediating individual feeding patterns. Central MOR system might provide a pharmacological target for reducing individual’s excessive cue-reactive eating behavior.

scholarly journals Cerebral μ-opioid and CB1-receptor systems have distinct roles in human feeding behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatu Kantonen ◽  
Tomi Karjalainen ◽  
Laura Pekkarinen ◽  
Janne Isojärvi ◽  
Kari Kalliokoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
External Eating ◽  
Eating Styles ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

AbstractEating behavior varies greatly between healthy individuals, but the neurobiological basis of these trait-like differences in feeding remains unknown. Central μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and cannabinoid CB1-receptors (CB1R) regulate energy balance via multiple neural pathways, promoting food intake and reward. Because obesity and eating disorders have been associated with alterations in brain’s opioid and endocannabinoid signaling, the variation in MOR and CB1R systems could potentially underlie distinct eating behavior phenotypes, also in non-obese population. In this retrospective positron emission tomography (PET) study, we analyzed [11C]carfentanil PET scans of MORs from 92 healthy subjects (70 males and 22 females), and [18F]FMPEP-d2 scans of CB1Rs from 35 subjects (all males, all also included in the [11C]carfentanil sample). Eating styles were measured with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). We found that lower cerebral MOR availability was associated with increase in external eating – individuals with low MORs reported being more likely to eat in response to environment’s palatable food cues. CB1R availability was negatively associated with multiple eating behavior traits. We conclude that although MORs and CB1Rs overlap anatomically and functionally in the brain, they have distinct roles in mediating individual feeding patterns.

scholarly journals PET Scan Perfusion Imaging in the Prader–Willi Syndrome: New Insights into the Psychiatric and Social Disturbances

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Mantoulan ◽  
Pierre Payoux ◽  
Gwenaëlle Diene ◽  
Mélanie Glattard ◽  
Bernadette Rogé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Skills ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Pet Scans

The Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare multisystem genetic disease, leads to severe disabilities, such as morbid obesity, endocrine dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, and social disturbances. We explored the whole brain of patients with PWS to detect abnormalities that might explain the behavioral and social disturbances, as well as the psychiatric disorders of these patients. Nine patients with PWS (six males, three females; mean age 16.4 years) underwent a positron emission tomography (PET) scan with H215O as a tracer to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The images were compared with those acquired from nine controls (six males, three females; mean age 21.2 years). A morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed in PWS patients, and their cognitive and behavioral skills were assessed with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). The MRI images showed no evident anatomic abnormalities, whereas PET scans revealed hypoperfused brain regions in PWS patients compared with controls, particularly in the anterior cingulum and superior temporal regions. We observed a significant relationship ( P<0.05) between rCBF in the hypoperfused regions and CBCL scores. The functional consequences of these perfusion abnormalities in specific brain regions might explain the behavioral and social problems observed in these individuals.

scholarly journals Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia as New Eating Styles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ramón Barrada
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Orthorexia Nervosa ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
External Eating ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Eating Styles

It was recently proposed that healthy orthorexia (HeOr) and orthorexia nervosa (OrNe) should be differentiated. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the two dimensions of orthorexia can be considered new eating styles or basically equivalent to restrained eating behavior. Two samples of university students (sample 1, n = 460; sample 2, n = 509) completed the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Factor analysis with the TOS and DEBQ items together revealed an adequate fit for the preexisting five-factor solution (TOS: OrNe and HeOr; DEBQ: Restrained Eating, Emotional Eating, and External Eating). This result points out that these factors are conceptually distinguishable. Moreover, we tested whether the different eating styles presented different patterns of correlations with gender, body mass index (BMI), and age, and whether OrNe and HeOr predicted Positive and Negative Affect after controlling for Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating. Whereas Restrained and Emotional Eating were higher for women and increased with BMI in both samples, HeOr and OrNe presented much lower associations with these variables. OrNe was positively related to Negative Affect and negatively to Positive Affect, whereas HeOr was positively related to Positive Affect. Again, this result supports the assumption that OrNe is a new variant of disordered eating, whereas HeOr could possibly be seen as a protective behavior.

scholarly journals Assessment of Regional Differences in Tariquidar-Induced P-Glycoprotein Modulation at the Human Blood–Brain Barrier

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bauer ◽  
Rudolf Karch ◽  
Friederike Neumann ◽  
Claudia C Wagner ◽  
Kurt Kletter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Glycoprotein P ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pet Scans

We attempted to assess regional differences in cerebral P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function by performing paired positron emission tomography (PET) scans with the P-gp substrate ( R)-[11C]verapamil in five healthy subjects before and after i.v. infusion of tariquidar (2 mg/kg). Comparison of tariquidar-induced changes in distribution volumes ( DVs) in 42 brain regions of interest (ROIs) failed to detect significant differences among brain ROIs. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of parametric DV images visualized symmetrical bilateral clusters with moderately higher DV increases in response to tariquidar administration in cerebellum, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory gyrus, and middle temporal lobe and cortex, which might reflect moderately decreased P-gp function and expression.

scholarly journals Measurement of cerebral ABCC1 transport activity in wild-type and APP/PS1-21 mice with positron emission tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Zoufal ◽  
Severin Mairinger ◽  
Markus Krohn ◽  
Thomas Wanek ◽  
Thomas Filip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Previous data suggest a possible link between multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1) and brain clearance of beta-amyloid (Aβ). We used PET with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) to measure cerebral ABCC1 transport activity in a beta-amyloidosis mouse model (APP/PS1-21) and in wild-type mice aged 50 and 170 days, without and with pretreatment with the ABCC1 inhibitor MK571. One hundred seventy days-old-animals additionally underwent [11C]PiB PET scans to measure Aβ load. While baseline [11C]BMP PET scans detected no differences in the elimination slope of radioactivity washout from the brain (kelim) between APP/PS1-21 and wild-type mice of both age groups, PET scans after MK571 pretreatment revealed significantly higher kelim values in APP/PS1-21 mice than in wild-type mice aged 170 days, suggesting increased ABCC1 activity. The observed increase in kelim occurred across all investigated brain regions and was independent of the presence of Aβ plaques measured with [11C]PiB. Western blot analysis revealed a trend towards increased whole brain ABCC1 levels in 170 days-old-APP/PS1-21 mice versus wild-type mice and a significant positive correlation between ABCC1 levels and kelim. Our data point to an upregulation of ABCC1 in APP/PS1-21 mice, which may be related to an induction of ABCC1 in astrocytes as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Exposure to Written Content Eliciting Weight Stigmatization: Neural Control of Appetite and Food Reward

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1187-1187
Author(s):  
Katherene Anguah ◽  
Elizabeth Parks ◽  
Shawn Christ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
The Right ◽  
Food Pictures

Abstract Objectives Weight bias occurs due to environmental cues, and beyond impacting a person's perception, may have direct physiological effects. Here, fMRI was used to investigate whether exposure to written weight stigmatization content influenced the neural control of appetite and food reward in response to high-calorie (HC), low-calorie (LC) and non-food (NF) images. Relationships were assessed between neural activation, blood glucose, age, body weight, eating behavior (assessed by TFEQ), and subjective pleasantness ratings of food pictures. Methods Overweight/obese individuals were randomized to read either a weight stigma (WS) or control (CT) article, and subsequently underwent brain scans while they rated (via button press) pleasantness of food pictures. Fasting glucose concentrations and TFEQ were measured before reading the article (prior to scanning) and glucose was repeated post-scanning. Results No differences were observed in age or BMI between subjects who read the WS article (6 men, 12 women; mean ± SD, 35.2 ± 13.1y; BMI 30.5 ± 3.0) and CT article (3 men, 15 women, 35.4 ± 11.3y, BMI 30.0 ± 3.3). Whole brain fMRI analysis revealed significant group differences in activation to HC &gt; LC food cues in the following regions: left insula, left thalamus, left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), right lingual gyrus (LG), and right middle occipital gyrus (P &lt; 0.005 for all). Significant group differences in overall activation to food cues (HC + LC &gt; NF) were observed in the right superior medial gyrus. A significant negative correlation was found between activation in the left IOG and both age (r = −0.38, P = 0.023) and pre-scan glucose concentrations (r = −0.40, P = 0.015). Furthermore, activation in the right LG was positively related to pleasantness ratings for HC foods (r = 0.34, P = 0.040). No significant relationships were observed between activation in any brain region and eating behavior by TFEQ. Conclusions Both younger age and lower fasting glucose concentrations were associated with higher activation in a visual attention region in response to HC foods. Exposure to WS content is associated with increased HC food-related activation in several brain areas implicated in food reward, motivation, attention, and visual memory. WS may increase body weight by increasing motivation for HC food consumption. Funding Sources University of Missouri Brain Imaging Center Type II grant.

scholarly journals Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (6) ◽  
pp. R1266-R1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud ◽  
Natalie R. Lenard ◽  
Andrew C. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Alcohol Addiction ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Reward Pathways ◽  
Reward Functions ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Drug And Alcohol

Given the unabated obesity problem, there is increasing appreciation of expressions like “my eyes are bigger than my stomach,” and recent studies in rodents and humans suggest that dysregulated brain reward pathways may be contributing not only to drug addiction but also to increased intake of palatable foods and ultimately obesity. After describing recent progress in revealing the neural pathways and mechanisms underlying food reward and the attribution of incentive salience by internal state signals, we analyze the potentially circular relationship between palatable food intake, hyperphagia, and obesity. Are there preexisting individual differences in reward functions at an early age, and could they be responsible for development of obesity later in life? Does repeated exposure to palatable foods set off a cascade of sensitization as in drug and alcohol addiction? Are reward functions altered by secondary effects of the obese state, such as increased signaling through inflammatory, oxidative, and mitochondrial stress pathways? Answering these questions will significantly impact prevention and treatment of obesity and its ensuing comorbidities as well as eating disorders and drug and alcohol addiction.

scholarly journals Disrupted metabolic connectivity in dopaminergic and cholinergic networks at different stages of dementia from 18F-FDG PET brain persistent homology network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tun-Wei Hsu ◽  
Jong-Ling Fuh ◽  
Da-Wei Wang ◽  
Li-Fen Chen ◽  
Chia-Jung Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Topology ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Persistent Homology ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Cholinergic Pathways ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Metabolic Connectivity ◽  
Neurochemical Changes

AbstractDementia is related to the cellular accumulation of β-amyloid plaques, tau aggregates, or α-synuclein aggregates, or to neurotransmitter deficiencies in the dopaminergic and cholinergic pathways. Cellular and neurochemical changes are both involved in dementia pathology. However, the role of dopaminergic and cholinergic networks in metabolic connectivity at different stages of dementia remains unclear. The altered network organisation of the human brain characteristic of many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders can be detected using persistent homology network (PHN) analysis and algebraic topology. We used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) imaging data to construct dopaminergic and cholinergic metabolism networks, and used PHN analysis to track the evolution of these networks in patients with different stages of dementia. The sums of the network distances revealed significant differences between the network connectivity evident in the Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment cohorts. A larger distance between brain regions can indicate poorer efficiency in the integration of information. PHN analysis revealed the structural properties of and changes in the dopaminergic and cholinergic metabolism networks in patients with different stages of dementia at a range of thresholds. This method was thus able to identify dysregulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic networks in the pathology of dementia.

scholarly journals The pharmacokinetics of [18F]UCB-H revisited in the healthy non-human primate brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Goutal ◽  
Martine Guillermier ◽  
Guillaume Becker ◽  
Mylène Gaudin ◽  
Yann Bramoullé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Component ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Background Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the Synaptic Vesicle glycoprotein (SV) 2A is a new tool to quantify synaptic density. [18F]UCB-H was one of the first promising SV2A-ligands to be labelled and used in vivo in rodent and human, while limited information on its pharmacokinetic properties is available in the non-human primate. Here, we evaluate the reliability of the three most commonly used modelling approaches for [18F]UCB-H in the non-human cynomolgus primate, adding the coupled fit of the non-displaceable distribution volume (VND) as an alternative approach to improve unstable fit. The results are discussed in the light of the current state of SV2A PET ligands. Results [18F]UCB-H pharmacokinetic data was optimally fitted with a two-compartment model (2TCM), although the model did not always converge (large total volume of distribution (VT) or large uncertainty of the estimate). 2TCM with coupled fit K1/k2 across brain regions stabilized the quantification, and confirmed a lower specific signal of [18F]UCB-H compared to the newest SV2A-ligands. However, the measures of VND and the influx parameter (K1) are similar to what has been reported for other SV2A ligands. These data were reinforced by displacement studies using [19F]UCB-H, demonstrating only 50% displacement of the total [18F]UCB-H signal at maximal occupancy of SV2A. As previously demonstrated in clinical studies, the graphical method of Logan provided a more robust estimate of VT with only a small bias compared to 2TCM. Conclusions Modeling issues with a 2TCM due to a slow component have previously been reported for other SV2A ligands with low specific binding, or after blocking of specific binding. As all SV2A ligands share chemical structural similarities, we hypothesize that this slow binding component is common for all SV2A ligands, but only hampers quantification when specific binding is low.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document