scholarly journals Simple inheritance of color and pattern polymorphism in the steppe grasshopper Chorthippus dorsatus

Heredity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabe Winter ◽  
Mahendra Varma ◽  
Holger Schielzeth
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Recessive Allele ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Morph Ratios ◽  
Pattern Polymorphism ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Bush Crickets

AbstractThe green–brown polymorphism of grasshoppers and bush-crickets represents one of the most penetrant polymorphisms in any group of organisms. This poses the question of why the polymorphism is shared across species and how it is maintained. There is mixed evidence for whether and in which species it is environmentally or genetically determined in Orthoptera. We report breeding experiments with the steppe grasshopper Chorthippus dorsatus, a polymorphic species for the presence and distribution of green body parts. Morph ratios did not differ between sexes, and we find no evidence that the rearing environment (crowding and habitat complexity) affected the polymorphism. However, we find strong evidence for genetic determination for the presence/absence of green and its distribution. Results are most parsimoniously explained by three autosomal loci with two alleles each and simple dominance effects: one locus influencing the ability to show green color, with a dominant allele for green; a locus with a recessive allele suppressing green on the dorsal side; and a locus with a recessive allele suppressing green on the lateral side. Our results contribute to the emerging contrast between the simple genetic inheritance of green–brown polymorphisms in the subfamily Gomphocerinae and environmental determination in other subfamilies of grasshoppers. In three out of four species of Gomphocerinae studied so far, the results suggest one or a few loci with a dominance of alleles allowing the occurrence of green. This supports the idea that brown individuals differ from green individuals by homozygosity for loss-of-function alleles preventing green pigment production or deposition.

GENETICS AND METABOLISM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Barton Childs
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Affected Patient ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Or Genes

IT IS the part of wisdom when about to give a dissertation which one hopes will at once instruct and entertain, to provide at the outset some definition of the subject matter. Genetics is the study of the heritable components of variation; the heritable factors which determine the range or extent of diversity. So, genetics is concerned with heritable differences and likenesses between individuals and between species. One emphasizes the differences because one can be certain of genetic determination of a particular characteristic only when it exists in a population in two or more alternative forms. It is the variants which catch the eye and hold the attention of the investigator, and which by their presence suggest more than one form of the gene or genes which determine that particular characteristic. I would like in what follows to present some examples of investigations of some aspects of genetics in human populations. ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA Several years ago Dr. Melvin Grumbach and I studied the genetics of adrenal hyperplasia, using as our material the patients of Dr. Lawson Wilkins. Since the disease occurs in more than one member of a sibship and since parents are unaffected, we suspected that it was genetically determined and that the affected patient possessed a double dose of a mutant gene; that is, the characteristic was recessive.

scholarly journals Spemann organizer transcriptome induction by early beta-catenin, Wnt, Nodal, and Siamois signals in Xenopus laevis

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (15) ◽  
pp. E3081-E3090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ding ◽  
Diego Ploper ◽  
Eric A. Sosa ◽  
Gabriele Colozza ◽  
Yuki Moriyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Beta Catenin ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Spemann Organizer ◽  
Signature Genes ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Chloride Treatment

The earliest event in Xenopus development is the dorsal accumulation of nuclear β-catenin under the influence of cytoplasmic determinants displaced by fertilization. In this study, a genome-wide approach was used to examine transcription of the 43,673 genes annotated in the Xenopus laevis genome under a variety of conditions that inhibit or promote formation of the Spemann organizer signaling center. Loss of function of β-catenin with antisense morpholinos reproducibly reduced the expression of 247 mRNAs at gastrula stage. Interestingly, only 123 β-catenin targets were enriched on the dorsal side and defined an early dorsal β-catenin gene signature. These genes included several previously unrecognized Spemann organizer components. Surprisingly, only 3 of these 123 genes overlapped with the late Wnt signature recently defined by two other groups using inhibition by Dkk1 mRNA or Wnt8 morpholinos, which indicates that the effects of β-catenin/Wnt signaling in early development are exquisitely regulated by stage-dependent mechanisms. We analyzed transcriptome responses to a number of treatments in a total of 46 RNA-seq libraries. These treatments included, in addition to β-catenin depletion, regenerating dorsal and ventral half-embryos, lithium chloride treatment, and the overexpression of Wnt8, Siamois, and Cerberus mRNAs. Only some of the early dorsal β-catenin signature genes were activated at blastula whereas others required the induction of endomesoderm, as indicated by their inhibition by Cerberus overexpression. These comprehensive data provide a rich resource for analyzing how the dorsal and ventral regions of the embryo communicate with each other in a self-organizing vertebrate model embryo.

Genetic Determination of Erect and Prostrate Growth Habit in Five Shrubs From Windswept Headlands in the Sydney Region

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
TD Auld ◽  
DA Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Banksia Ericifolia ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Prostrate Growth

In the Sydney region, many plants from populations on windswept headlands have a more prostrate growth habit compared with plants from populations of the same species occurring away from the coast. To determine whether these different growth habits are genetically determined, plants from four populations of each of five species (Acacia rnyrtifolia, Acacia suaveolens, Banksia ericifolia, Casuarina distyla, Hakea teretifolia) were grown under uniform glasshouse conditions. Multivariate analyses of six morphological characteristics indicate that, for four of these species, the offspring are similar to their maternal parent; we thus conclude that the habit differences are genetically fixed in these populations. The same trend is apparent for <I.C. distyla , although significant variation occurs in the offspring. Univariate analyses indicate that different characteristics reflect the habit differences in different species. For conservation biology, the implications of this intra-specific variation are that attempts should be made to conserve viable populations of all genetically isolated taxa within a species.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in recombination frequencies in Neurospora crassa

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Homogeneous Data

The available data on heterogeneity in centromere distances for a number of loci in several linkage groups are analysed and interpreted. When the crosses are grouped according to wild-type ancestry, heterogeneity is eliminated in any one group except those which consist of backcrosses or intercrosses. Abbott 4 and 12 are shown to be the source of the heterogeneity while Lindegren and probably Chilton wild strains give consistent, homogeneous distances. In a cross between Abbott 12 and Lindegren wild-types, the centromere distances of mt and asco show heterogeneous values between the spore pairs in an ascus indicating that significantly different distances are genetically determined and that the factors concerned show segregation. The genetic determination differs in the various wild strains; the data suggest that at least three factors are involved. In random spore analyses heterogeneity is present in recombination frequencies between linked markers either proximal or distal to their centromere. The mechanism by which heterogeneity in the data might arise is discussed. To obtain homogeneous data it is suggested that all markers used should be repeatedly backcrossed to the Lindegren wild-type.

scholarly journals Polymorphism C/T-13910 of the LCT gene regulatory region and lactase deficiency in Eurasian populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Maria V Sokolova ◽  
Eugene V Vasilyev ◽  
Andrey I Kozlov ◽  
Denis V Rebrikov ◽  
Svetlana S Senkeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Genetically Determined

Genetically determined deficiency of the lactase enzyme in adults (primary hypolactasia) is a recessive trait. As shown earlier, in some European populations primary hypolactasia is determined by carrying the CC genotype at the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) LCT*С/T-13910. In this work allele and genotype frequencies were estimated for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) LCT*C/ T-13910 in 7 samples (346 individuals in total), representing Eurasian populations (Saami, Mari, Russians from the Volga-Ural Area, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Buriats, Arabs). For part of these groups and for some of the earlier studied groups the frequencies of the CC genotype are similar to the epidemiological-clinical data on hypolactasia frequency reported for respective or closely located populations (in Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Kola Saami, Mari, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts, Pamir Mountain dwellers, and in Chukchi, Iranians and Arabs). For the Asian populations, the data are contradictory, and evaluation of genetic determination of hypolactasia in these populations requires further studies of larger samples. Considering association of primary hypolactasia with CC genotype in the Russian sample found by us earlier, the obtained results point that the CC genotype at SNP LCT*C/ T-13910 is the main genetic determinant of primary hypolactasia for populations of the European part of Russia.

scholarly journals Genetic determination of migration strategies in large soaring birds: evidence from hybrid eagles

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1884) ◽  
pp. 20180855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ülo Väli ◽  
Paweł Mirski ◽  
Urmas Sellis ◽  
Mindaugas Dagys ◽  
Grzegorz Maciorowski
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Habitat Suitability Modelling ◽  
Migration Strategies ◽  
Soaring Birds ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Migratory Movements

The relative contributions of genetic and social factors in shaping the living world are a crucial question in ecology. The annual migration of birds to their wintering grounds and back provides significant knowledge in this field of research. Migratory movements are predominantly genetically determined in passerine birds, while in large soaring birds, it is presumed that social (cultural) factors play the largest role. In this study, we show that genetic factors in soaring birds are more important than previously assumed. We used global positioning system (GPS)-telemetry to compare the autumn journeys and wintering ranges of two closely related large raptorial bird species, the greater spotted eagle Clanga clanga and the lesser spotted eagle Clanga pomarina , and hybrids between them. The timing of migration in hybrids was similar to that of one parental species, but the wintering distributions and home range sizes were similar to those of the other. Tracking data were supported by habitat suitability modelling, based on GPS fixes and ring recoveries. These results suggest a strong genetic influence on migration strategy via a trait-dependent dominance effect, although we cannot rule out the contribution of social interactions.

Body Member Impairments: Scheduled Awards and the Federal Employees' Compensation Act

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Vision Loss ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
Loss Of Hearing

Abstract This article focuses on the use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in evaluating Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP), Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA) scheduled loss cases for an accepted work-related condition. Effective May 1, 2009, the Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC), which administers FECA, adopted the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, noting that DFEC has used the AMA Guides for more than fifty years, dating back to the first Guide for Extremities and Back (1958). The scheduled award provision of the OWCP FECA and implementing regulations set forth the number of weeks of compensation to be paid for permanent loss, or loss of use, of body members listed in the schedule. The FECA regulations that define impairment are consistent with the definition provided in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, except for impairments of the lungs. Also, pain is included as a component of the medical condition (diagnosis) and should not be measured separately unless the pain does not correlate with objective findings or bodily dysfunction. The article includes several special determinations under FECA, including loss of body parts, loss of hearing or vision, loss of function of bodily organs, lung impairment, and impairments in other organs.

scholarly journals Evidence for Maternal Style Among Adult Female Dolphins When Sharing Pectoral Fin Contacts with Their Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Dudzinski ◽  
Christine A. Ribic ◽  
Heather M. Manitzas Hill ◽  
Teresa T. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Maternal Style ◽  
Tactile Contact ◽  
Generation Female

Adult bottlenose dolphins share pectoral fin contacts (PFC) to manage their social relationships but less is known about how mothers share PFC with their calves. Using a dataset collected over 16 years, we analyzed how 10 matrilines, including three second generation female dolphins in a maternal role, used PFC with their pre-weaned calves. Mothers had different rates of initiation with their calves forming a continuum from those initiating few contacts (15%) to those initiating more (44%). For mothers with all-aged calves, the lateral side was contacted the most to start interactions with mothers contacting body parts at a similar rate. All mothers assumed the same posture regardless of their role as initiator or receiver, with horizontal the most prevalent posture. Two maternal styles were found for PFC: high and low use of PFC. Within the high PFC group, there was individual variation that was related to calf sex. Even though evidence of maternal style was confirmed in PFC exchanges between adult female dolphins and their calves, the number of PFC shared between these kin was only ~9% of all documented PFC contacts (N = 4,345) over 16 years, suggesting that other forms of tactile contact may be more important within the confines of the mother-offspring relationship in delphinids.

Geometric morphometrics, scute patterns and biometrics of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the central Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Casale ◽  
Daniela Freggi ◽  
Alessandro Rigoli ◽  
Amedeo Ciccocioppo ◽  
Paolo Luschi
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Loggerhead Turtles ◽  
The Mediterranean

We investigate for the first time allometric vs. non-allometric shape variation in sea turtles through a geometric morphometrics approach. Five body parts (carapace, plastron, top and lateral sides of the head, dorsal side of front flippers) were considered in a sample of 58 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) collected in the waters around Lampedusa island, Italy, the central Mediterranean. The allometric component was moderate but significant, except for the plastron, and may represent an ontogenetic optimization in the case of the head and flippers. The predominant non-allometric component encourages further investigation with sex and origin as potential explanatory variables. We also reported the variation of marginal and prefrontal scutes of 1497 turtles, showing that: variation of marginals is mostly limited to the two anteriormost scutes, symmetry is favored, asymmetry is biased to one pattern, and the variation of marginal and prefrontal scutes are linked. Comparisons with other datasets from the Mediterranean show a high variability, more likely caused by epigenetic factors. Finally, conversion equations between the most commonly used biometrics (curved and straight carapace length, carapace width, and weight) are often needed in sea turtle research but are lacking for the Mediterranean and are here estimated from a sample of 2624 turtles.

scholarly journals Heritable functional architecture in human visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Alvarez ◽  
Nonie J. Finlayson ◽  
Shwe Ei ◽  
Benjamin de Haas ◽  
John A. Greenwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Human Visual Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Visual Hierarchy ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Genetically Determined

AbstractHow much of the functional organization of our visual system is inherited? Here we tested the heritability of retinotopic maps in human visual cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We demonstrate that retinotopic organization shows a closer correspondence in monozygotic (MZ) compared to dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, suggesting a partial genetic determination. Using population receptive field (pRF) analysis to examine the preferred spatial location and selectivity of these neuronal populations, we further demonstrate that across cortical regions V1-V3, map architecture was more similar in MZ than DZ twins. The heritability of spatial selectivity, as quantified by pRF size, increased across the visual hierarchy. Our findings are consistent with heritability in both the arrangement of areal boundaries and stimulus tuning properties of visual cortex. This could constitute a neural substrate for variations in a range of perceptual effects, which themselves have been found to be at least partially genetically determined.

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