scholarly journals D6 protein kinase in root xylem benefiting resistance to Fusarium reveals infection and defense mechanisms in tung trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiyan Zhang ◽  
Liwen Wu ◽  
Hengfu Yin ◽  
Zilong Xu ◽  
Yunxiao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Negative Regulation ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractFusarium oxysporum, a global soil-borne pathogen, causes severe disease in various cultivated plants. The mechanism underlying infection and resistance remains largely elusive. Vernicia fordii, known as the tung tree, suffers from disease caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. fordiis (Fof-1), while its sister species V. montana displays high resistance to Fof-1. To investigate the process of infection and resistance ability, we demonstrated that Fof-1 can penetrate the epidermis of root hairs and then centripetally invade the cortex and phloem in both species. Furthermore, Fof-1 spread upwards through the root xylem in susceptible V. fordii trees, whereas it failed to infect the root xylem in resistant V. montana trees. We found that D6 PROTEIN KINASE LIKE 2 (VmD6PKL2) was specifically expressed in the lateral root xylem and was induced after Fof-1 infection in resistant trees. Transgenic analysis in Arabidopsis and tomato revealed that VmD6PKL2 significantly enhanced resistance in both species, whereas the d6pkl2 mutant displayed reduced resistance against Fof-1. Additionally, VmD6PKL2 was identified to interact directly with synaptotagmin (VmSYT3), which is specifically expressed in the root xylem and mediates the negative regulation responding to Fof-1. Our data suggested that VmD6PKL2 could act as a resistance gene against Fof-1 through suppression of VmSYT3-mediated negative regulation in the lateral root xylem of the resistant species. These findings provide novel insight into Fusarium wilt resistance in plants.

scholarly journals Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Andrew M South ◽  
Brandon Michael Henry
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Impact Patient Care ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Electrolyte Abnormalities

Background Early studies have reported various electrolyte abnormalities at admission in patients who progress to the severe form of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As electrolyte imbalance may not only impact patient care, but provide insight into the pathophysiology of COVID-19, we aimed to analyse all early data reported on electrolytes in COVID-19 patients with and without severe form. Methods An electronic search of Medline (PubMed interface), Scopus and Web of Science was performed for articles comparing electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium) between COVID-19 patients with and without severe disease. A pooled analysis was performed to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval. Results Five studies with a total sample size of 1415 COVID-19 patients. Sodium was significantly lower in patients with severe COVID-19 (WMD: –0.91 mmol/L [95% CI: –1.33 to –0.50 mmol/L]). Similarly, potassium was also significantly lower in COVID-19 patients with severe disease (WMD: –0.12 mmol/L [95% CI: –0.18 to –0.07 mmol/L], I2=33%). For chloride, no statistical differences were observed between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 (WMD: 0.30 mmol/L [95% CI: –0.41 to 1.01 mmol/L]). For calcium, a statistically significant lower concentration was noted in patients with severe COVID-19 (WMD: –0.20 mmol/L [95% CI: –0.25 to –0.20 mmol/L]). Conclusions This pooled analysis confirms that COVID-19 severity is associated with lower serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium. We recommend electrolytes be measured at initial presentation and serially monitored during hospitalization in order to establish timely and appropriate corrective actions.

The Basics of Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Solbach
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth. Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits. Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi. Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes. There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death. The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues. Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours. Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses. In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.

scholarly journals CaMKII Potentiates Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry Through Enhancing STIM1 Aggregation and Interaction with Orai1

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1042-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Li ◽  
Jingyi Xue ◽  
Zhipeng Sun ◽  
Tiantian Liu ◽  
Lane Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Store Depletion ◽  
Selective Channel ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Insight Into

Background/Aims: Upon Ca2+ store depletion, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) oligomerizes, redistributes near plasmalemma to interact with Ca2+ selective channel-forming subunit (Orai1) and initiates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a regulator of SOCE, but how CaMKII regulates SOCE remains obscure. Methods: Using Fura2, confocal microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, specific blocker and overexpression/knockdown approaches, we evaluated STIM1 aggregation and its interaction with Orai1, and SOCE upon Ca2+ store depletion in thapsigargin (TG) treated HEK293 and HeLa cells. Results: Overexpression of CaMKIIδ enhanced TG-induced STIM1 co-localization and interaction with Orai1 as well as SOCE. In contrast, CaMKIIδ knockdown and a specific inhibitor of CaMKII suppressed them. In addition, overexpression or knockdown of CaMKIIδ in TG treated cells exhibited increased or reduced STIM1 clustering and plasmalemma redistribution, respectively. Conclusion: CaMKII up-regulates SOCE by increasing STIM1 aggregation and interaction with Orai1. This study provides an additional insight into SOCE regulation and a potential mechanism for CaMKII involvement in some pathological situations through crosstalk with SOCE.

scholarly journals Recent Insight into SARS-CoV2 Immunopathology and Rationale for Potential Treatment and Preventive Strategies in COVID-19

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lega ◽  
Samuele Naviglio ◽  
Stefano Volpi ◽  
Alberto Tommasini
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments ◽  
Immunomodulating Drugs ◽  
Insight Into

As the outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading globally, great effort is being made to understand the disease pathogenesis and host factors that predispose to disease progression in an attempt to find a window of opportunity for intervention. In addition to the direct cytopathic effect of the virus, the host hyper-inflammatory response has emerged as a key factor in determining disease severity and mortality. Accumulating clinical observations raised hypotheses to explain why some patients develop more severe disease while others only manifest mild or no symptoms. So far, Covid-19 management remains mainly supportive. However, many researches are underway to clarify the role of antiviral and immunomodulating drugs in changing morbidity and mortality in patients who become severely ill. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune system and discusses recent findings on proposed pharmacologic treatments.

Intentional reasoning: A developmental study of behaviorally aggressive and normal boys

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne McKeough ◽  
Tim Yates ◽  
Anthony Marini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behaviorally Disturbed ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Maladaptive Thought ◽  
Behavioral Aggression ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to investigate the way in which boys, ages 6, 8, and 10 years, who are behaviorally disturbed, understand motives behind human behavior, compared to normally functioning peers. Four tasks were administered that differed in surface features but that shared an underlying conceptual structure. A structural analysis of response protocols was undertaken to assess the level of cognitive complexity of their productions. Age-appropriate performance required varying degrees of intentional understanding (i.e., the reciprocal causal relations between action and mental states such as feelings and desires). The results of this analysis supported our predictions that behaviorally disturbed children use developmentally naive reasoning in the domain of conflict resolution, compared with their normal peers. Additionally, a thematic analysis of the content of responses was performed. The results of this analysis showed that the two groups' reasoning also differed qualitatively, in that the aggressive boys showed greater evidence of socially maladaptive thought, whereas the comparison group's performance was largely adaptive. We propose that early-formed primitive defense mechanisms may interfere with the aggressive group's construction of prosocial mental models of the social world. The results suggest that this line of research, which integrates developmental and psychoanalytic theory, has the potential to offer insight into the mechanisms underlying behavioral aggression.

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