scholarly journals Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Molinaro ◽  
◽  
Pierre Bel Lassen ◽  
Marcus Henricsson ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Gene Richness

AbstractMicrobiota-host-diet interactions contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Imidazole propionate is a novel microbially produced metabolite from histidine, which impairs glucose metabolism. Here, we show that subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in the MetaCardis cohort from three European countries have elevated serum imidazole propionate levels. Furthermore, imidazole propionate levels were increased in subjects with low bacterial gene richness and Bacteroides 2 enterotype, which have previously been associated with obesity. The Bacteroides 2 enterotype was also associated with increased abundance of the genes involved in imidazole propionate biosynthesis from dietary histidine. Since patients and controls did not differ in their histidine dietary intake, the elevated levels of imidazole propionate in type 2 diabetes likely reflects altered microbial metabolism of histidine, rather than histidine intake per se. Thus the microbiota may contribute to type 2 diabetes by generating imidazole propionate that can modulate host inflammation and metabolism.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: FXR signalling: a novel target in metabolic diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 184 (5) ◽  
pp. R193-R205
Author(s):  
David P Sonne
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Lipid Digestion ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver

During the last decades, it has become clear that the gastrointestinal tract plays a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. More than 40 hormones originate from the gastrointestinal tract and several of these impact glucose metabolism and appetite regulation. An astonishing example of the gut’s integrative role in glucose metabolism originates from investigations into bile acid biology. From primary animal studies, it has become clear that bile acids should no longer be labelled as simple detergents necessary for lipid digestion and absorption but should also be recognised as metabolic regulators implicated in lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a part of an exquisite bile acid-sensing system that among other things ensures the optimal size of the bile acid pool. In addition, intestinal and hepatic FXR also impact the regulation of several metabolic processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism. Accordingly, natural and synthetic FXR agonists and certain FXR-regulated factors (i.e. fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19)) are increasingly being evaluated as treatments for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (and its inflammatory version, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). Interestingly, decreased FXR activation also benefits glucose metabolism. This can be obtained by reducing bile acid absorption using bile acid sequestering agents (approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes) or inhibitors of intestinal bile acid transporters,that is the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). This article discusses recent clinical trials that provide insights about the role of FXR-FGF19-targetted therapy for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Advantages of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in the Management of Glucose Metabolism Disorders: A Clinical and Translational Issue

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Antinozzi ◽  
Paolo Sgrò ◽  
Luigi Di Luigi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Glucose Metabolism Disorders ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Type

Among metabolic diseases, carbohydrate metabolism disorders are the most widespread. The most common glucose pathological conditions are acquired and may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, stroke, and kidney insufficiency. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have long been used as an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Different studies have demonstrated that PDE5i, by sensitizing insulin target tissues to insulin, play an important role in controlling the action of insulin and glucose metabolism, highlighting the protective action of these drugs against metabolic diseases. In this review, we report the latest knowledge about the role of PDE5i in the metabolic diseases of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, highlighting clinical aspects and potential treatment approaches. Although various encouraging data are available, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action and their clinical application in humans.

scholarly journals Astrocyte Clocks and Glucose Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Barca-Mayo ◽  
Miguel López
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Whole Body

The endogenous timekeeping system evolved to anticipate the time of the day through the 24 hours cycle of the Earth’s rotation. In mammals, the circadian clock governs rhythmic physiological and behavioral processes, including the daily oscillation in glucose metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. The results from a series of studies have demonstrated that environmental or genetic alterations of the circadian cycle in humans and rodents are strongly associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte clocks have a crucial role in regulating molecular, physiological, and behavioral circadian rhythms such as glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis regulation by the circadian clock and its dysregulation may improve glycemic control. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the tight interconnection between the timekeeping system, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. We focus specifically on the involvement of astrocyte clocks, at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels, in the regulation of glucose metabolism.

scholarly journals Searching the Missing Link Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Adina Mitrea ◽  
Simona Georgiana Popa ◽  
Cristina Muntean ◽  
Andreea Soare ◽  
Laura Trotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Term Type

Abstract Recent studies strongly suggest a significant association between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer Disease (AD) justifying the term “type 3 diabetes”. Studies show that impairment of glucose metabolism occurs very early in the course of AD, leading to a broad range of consequences, among which the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), which per se induces insulin resistance. Furthermore, adipocytokines, recognised markers of insulin resistance, seem to play a role in the development of AD. As for insulin resistance, when AD is considered, the most studied ones are leptin and adiponectin, but also a recently described adipokine - progranulin. It is our belief that both prospective and transversal studies on subjects with both AD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) may prove the role of adipokines not only in AD, but also in this most somber association.

Plasma Mir-193b-3p Is Elevated in Type 2 Diabetes and Could Impair Glucose Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Hu ◽  
Meng Zhao ◽  
Zhaoyang Li ◽  
Hongli Nie ◽  
Jia He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism

Mutations of mtDNA in some vascular and metabolic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita A. Sazonova ◽  
Anastasia I. Ryzhkova ◽  
Vasily V. Sinyov ◽  
Marina D. Sazonova ◽  
Tatiana V. Kirichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Mtdna Mutations

Background: The present review article considers some chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, the causes of which may be mitochondrial dysfunction. Very often, in the long course of the disease, complications may occur, leading to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke and as a result, death.In particular, a large percentage of human deaths nowadays belongs to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), arterial hypertension, cardiomyopathies and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of the present review was the analysis of literature sources, devoted to an investigation of a link of mitochondrial DNA mutations with chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis, Results: The analysis of literature indicates the association of the mitochondrial genome mutations with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and various types of cardiomyopathies. Conclusion: The detected mutations can be used to analyze the predisposition to chronic diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis. They can also be used to create molecular-cell models necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs developed for treatment of these pathologies. MtDNA mutations associated withthe absence of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis could be potential candidates for gene therapy of diseases of vascular and metabolic genesis.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document