scholarly journals Global spread of Salmonella Enteritidis via centralized sourcing and international trade of poultry breeding stocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoting Li ◽  
Yingshu He ◽  
David Ames Mann ◽  
Xiangyu Deng
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Poultry Breeding ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractA pandemic of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis emerged in the 1980s due to contaminated poultry products. How Salmonella Enteritidis rapidly swept through continents remains a historical puzzle as the pathogen continues to cause outbreaks and poultry supply becomes globalized. We hypothesize that international trade of infected breeding stocks causes global spread of the pathogen. By integrating over 30,000 Salmonella Enteritidis genomes from 98 countries during 1949–2020 and international trade of live poultry from the 1980s to the late 2010s, we present multifaceted evidence that converges on a high likelihood, global scale, and extended protraction of Salmonella Enteritidis dissemination via centralized sourcing and international trade of breeding stocks. We discovered recent, genetically near-identical isolates from domestically raised poultry in North and South America. We obtained phylodynamic characteristics of global Salmonella Enteritidis populations that lend spatiotemporal support for its dispersal from centralized origins during the pandemic. We identified concordant patterns of international trade of breeding stocks and quantitatively established a driving role of the trade in the geographic dispersal of Salmonella Enteritidis, suggesting that the centralized origins were infected breeding stocks. Here we demonstrate the value of integrative and hypothesis-driven data mining in unravelling otherwise difficult-to-probe pathogen dissemination from hidden origins.

scholarly journals Inquality and the Future of Global History: A Round Table Discussion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-81
Author(s):  
Julia McClure ◽  
Amitava Chowdhury ◽  
Sarah Easterby-Smith ◽  
Norberto Ferreras ◽  
Omar Gueye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Round Table ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Global History ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The University ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Local Levels

The following is an edited transcript of a roundtable that took place at the University of Glasgow in September 2018. The roundtable was organized by Dr. Julia McClure in conjunction with the Poverty Research Network’s conference - Beyond Development: The Local Visions of Global Poverty. That conference brought into focus the ways in which the global and local levels meet at the site of poverty and highlighted the different conceptions on the global are generated from the perspective of poverty. The roundtable brought together leading scholars from Europe, Africa, Asia and North and South America to take stock of global history as a field, to consider the role of existing centres of knowledge production, and to assess new directions for the field.

The Experience of CALM Training

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Gary Rodin ◽  
Sarah Hales
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Clinical Encounters ◽  
Training And Supervision ◽  
Supportive Community ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

This chapter discusses the central role of Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully (CALM) training and supervision in refining the CALM intervention and in building a supportive community of peers for clinicians. The elements of CALM training are outlined. In both the introductory and advanced CALM workshops, actual cases have been vital in illustrating CALM content and process. Representative clinical encounters have been provided with the aid of trained actors or by presentation of actual videotaped CALM sessions. These workshops have been highly rated by trainees, with clinician attendees often feeling inspired and supported in their work as a result of CALM training. The benefits of CALM training are evident in the implementation of CALM in various settings in Asia, Europe, and in North and South America.

How Does Collaborative Governance Scale?

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Humanitarian Relief ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Scale is an overlooked issue in the research on interactive governance. This book takes up the important task of investigating the scalar dimensions of collaborative governance in networks, partnerships, and other interactive arenas and explores the challenges of operating at a single scale, across or at multiple scales and of moving between scales. The introductory chapter presents a general framework for thinking about the scale of collaborative governance and for conceptualizing dynamic processes of scaling. These general ideas provide the basis for examining the role of scale and scaling in a wide range of policy areas, including employment policy, water management, transportation planning, public health, university governance, artistic markets, child welfare and humanitarian relief. Cases are drawn from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America and span all levels from local to global. Together, the theoretical framework and the empirical case studies sensitize us to the tensions that arise between scales of governance and to the challenges of shifting from one scale of governance to another.

Refugee Orthodox Congregations in Western Europe, 1945–1948

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-326
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The twentieth-century migration of Orthodox peoples from Eastern to Western Europe and to North and South America thrust the heirs of that ancient faith into the role of persisting minorities, and imposed upon them the necessity of rapid and complex adjustments to urban conditions of life. To be sure, territorial expansion, involving both the migration of the faithful and the conversion of the heathen, had been a central theme in Orthodox history for a thousand years or more. One fruit for the loyalty of bishops and congregations, a rivalry that magnified the tension between the desire of nascent nationalities for an “autocephalic” church (that is, one having its own head as well as the power of self-government) and the preference of the patriarchs for “autonomous” bodies dependent upon a supreme hierarch elsewhere. Another result was the Orthodox confrontation with Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Central Europe. Saxons who settled in the highlands of Transylvania in the thirteenth century became Lutherans at the time of the Reformation, and a majority of Hungarians occupying the broad plains lying east of Budapest became Calvinists. From the seventeenth century onward the Papacy accepted the submission of numerous Orthodox dioceses in Romania, Poland, Hungary, Croatia and the western parts of Russia, under agreements that allowed congregations to retain their Eastern ritual and dogma.

scholarly journals The Role of State Corporations in the Russian Economy (as in the Case of “Rosatom” and “Rostec” State Corporations)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Akmaljon S. Ergashev ◽  
Elena V. Maslennikova
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Short Period ◽  
State Corporation ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The article is devoted to the study of the role of state corporations in the economy of the Russian Federation as in the case of Rosatom and Rostec. The authors analyze the existing concept of state corporation, Russian and foreign practices. The article presents the results of the research of economic features based on reports published on official website of Russian state corporation, as well as prospects of Russian state corporations are identified. At the present stage of development and operation of Russian state corporations, society increasingly sees their products, but it doesnt even suspect that these are domestic products that meet all international standards, which are also exported to many countries of the world. Products, goods and services are exported to North and South America, Europe, Central and South-East Asia, and Africa. In a relatively short period of existence and operation, Russian state corporations have increased their revenues and have made a significant contribution to the prosperity of countrys economy.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis reveals the emergence, evolution and dispersal of carnivore parvoviruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 2280-2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Hoelzer ◽  
Laura A. Shackelton ◽  
Colin R. Parrish ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Capsid Protein Gene ◽  
Feline Panleukopenia Virus ◽  
Viral Movement ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Elevated Rate ◽  
Viral Sequences

Canine parvovirus (CPV), first recognized as an emerging virus of dogs in 1978, resulted from a successful cross-species transmission. CPV emerged from the endemic feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), or from a closely related parvovirus of another host. Here we refine our current understanding of the evolution and population dynamics of FPV and CPV. By analysing nearly full-length viral sequences we show that the majority of substitutions distinguishing CPV from FPV are located in the capsid protein gene, and that this gene is under positive selection in CPV, resulting in a significantly elevated rate of molecular evolution. This provides strong phylogenetic evidence for a prominent role of the viral capsid in host adaptation. In addition, an analysis of the population dynamics of more recent CPV reveals, on a global scale, a strongly spatially subdivided CPV population with little viral movement among countries and a relatively constant population size. Such limited viral migration contrasts with the global spread of the virus observed during the early phase of the CPV pandemic, but corresponds to the more endemic nature of current CPV infections.

scholarly journals (In)Fertile Ground? Social Forum Activism in its Regional and Local Dimension

2010 ◽  
pp. 6-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Smith ◽  
Elizabeth Smythe
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
World Social Forum ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
Spatial Terms ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Since its inception in 2001 World Social Forum (WSF) has grown in numbers and drawn activists from all areas of the globe. It has also spawned a myriad of social forums around the world. But the pattern of participation within the WSF global event or within other forums has not been evenly spread in geographic or spatial terms. This chapter examines how and why social forum activism emerged in some places and not others. We map the social forum from the first WSF in 2001 through its proliferation and fragmentation over time as it has taken root at various levels—continental, national, regional and local. Then we provide comparative case studies of sub-global forums drawn from North and South America, Europe and Africa. We also compare different manifestations of social “forumism” along a number of dimensions. Drawing on comparative politics and its emphasis on the specifics of place and the role of context we discuss these patterns and the factors that might account for why these forms of resistance find barren or fertile ground around the world.

scholarly journals FIRST ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF BIRDS OF JICARÓN AND JICARITA: THE SOUTHERNMOST ISLANDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

Tecnociencia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-149
Author(s):  
Pedro Luis Castillo-Caballero ◽  
Claudio M. Monteza-Moreno ◽  
Oscar Johnson ◽  
George R. Angehr
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Annotated Checklist ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest land bridge between North and South America, is surrounded by a large number of islands (>1500) relatively close to the mainland. However, despite the potential role Panamanian islands have for the conservation of bird species, most avian surveys are conducted on the mainland. The islands of Jicarón and Jicarita, located in Coiba National Park, are of particular interest because these are the southernmost islands in the Republic of Panama. Additionally, previous avian surveys were restricted to Coiba Island, the largest of the park, leaving the avifauna in the rest of the islands poorly known. Here, we provide the first annotated checklist of birds for the islands of Jicarón and Jicarita, where we documented 115 and 53 species, respectively. Of these 23 species represent new records for the park. Further, we documented 10 endemic subspecies and 29 migratory species, of which 7 are warblers. The most frequently observed species were Brown-backed Dove (Leptotila plumbeiceps battyi), Rufous-tailed Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl) and Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola). We highlight some species of interest and discuss the potential role of these islands for conservation.

scholarly journals Role of immune response in Yersinia pestis infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
pp. 628-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo Amedei ◽  
Elena Niccolai ◽  
Luigi Marino ◽  
Mario Milco D'Elios
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Response Versus ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Yersinia pestis (Y. Pestis) is an infamous pathogen causing plague pandemics throughout history and is a selected agent of bioterrorism threatening public health. Y. pestis was first isolated by Alexandre Yersin in 1894 in Hong Kong and in the years to follow from all continents. Plague is enzootic in different rodents and their fleas in Africa, North and South America, and Asia such as Middle/Far East and ex-USSR countries. Comprehending the multifaceted interaction between Y. pestis and the host immune system will enable us design more effective vaccines. Innate immune response and both component (humoral and cellular) of adaptive immune response contribute to host defense against Y.pestis infection, but the bacterium possess different mechanisms to counteract the immune response. The aims of this review are to analyze the role of immune response versus Yersinia pestis infection and to highlight the various stratagems adopted by Y. pestis to escape the immunological defenses.

scholarly journals International observational survey of the effectiveness of personal protective equipment during endoscopic procedures performed in patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Niikura ◽  
Mitsuhiro Fujishiro ◽  
Yousuke Nakai ◽  
Koji Matsuda ◽  
Takuya Kawahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Pair ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Endoscopic Procedures ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractIntroduction and aimsThis international survey was performed to evaluate the cumulative incidence of nosocomial novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare professionals during endoscopic procedures.MethodsWe performed an international web-based self-reported questionnaire survey. Participants completed the questionnaires every week for 12 weeks. The questionnaire elicited responses regarding the development of COVID-19 and details of the PPE used.ResultsAll 483 participants were included in the analysis. Participants had a mean age of 42.3 years and comprised 68.3% males. The geographic distribution of the study population was Asia (89.2%), Europe (2.9%), North and South America (4.8%), Oceania (0.6%), and Africa (1.5%). The most common endoscopy-related role of the participants was endoscopist (78.7%), and 74.5% had > 10 years of experience. Fourteen participants had performed 83 endoscopic procedures in patients positive for COVID-19. During the mean follow-up period of 4.95 weeks, there were no cases of COVID-19 when treating COVID-19 positive patients. The most common PPE used by participants treating patients with COVID-19 was a surgical mask plus N95 mask plus face shield, goggles, cap, long-sleeved isolation gown, and single pair of gloves. The most common PPE used by participants treating patients without COVID-19 was a surgical mask, no face shield but goggles, cap, long-sleeved isolation gown, and single pair of gloves during all endoscopic procedures.ConclusionsThe risk of COVID-19 transmission during any endoscopic procedure was low in clinical practice.

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