scholarly journals Author Correction: SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and transmission from community-wide serological testing in the Italian municipality of Vo’

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Dorigatti ◽  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
Laura Manuto ◽  
Constanze Ciavarella ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serological Testing ◽  
Antibody Dynamics

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and transmission from community-wide serological testing in the Italian municipality of Vo’

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Dorigatti ◽  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
Laura Manuto ◽  
Constanze Ciavarella ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Antibody Dynamics

AbstractIn February and March 2020, two mass swab testing campaigns were conducted in Vo’, Italy. In May 2020, we tested 86% of the Vo’ population with three immuno-assays detecting antibodies against the spike and nucleocapsid antigens, a neutralisation assay and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Subjects testing positive to PCR in February/March or a serological assay in May were tested again in November. Here we report on the results of the analysis of the May and November surveys. We estimate a seroprevalence of 3.5% (95% Credible Interval (CrI): 2.8–4.3%) in May. In November, 98.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 93.7–100.0%) of sera which tested positive in May still reacted against at least one antigen; 18.6% (95% CI: 11.0–28.5%) showed an increase of antibody or neutralisation reactivity from May. Analysis of the serostatus of the members of 1,118 households indicates a 26.0% (95% CrI: 17.2–36.9%) Susceptible-Infectious Transmission Probability. Contact tracing had limited impact on epidemic suppression.

TBE in Latvia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dace Zavadska ◽  
Zane Odzelevica
Keyword(s):  
Serological Testing ◽  
Aggregated Data

Aggregated data on TBE cases in Latvia are available from 1955, but serological testing for TBE began in the 1970’s.

An ecological study of the branchiobdellid commensals (Annelida-Branchiobdellidae) of some mid-western Ontario crayfish

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Severe Winter ◽  
Orconectes Propinquus ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Laurel Creek

Orconectes propinquus and Cambarus robustus from the Speed River, Sunfish Lake, and Laurel Creek, harbor two branchiobdellids, Cambarincola chirocephala and Pterodrilus distichus. Both adult and cocoon populations of the dominant species (C. chirocephala) are proportional to the size of the host throughout the year, except that first-year crayfish are free of cocoons. The reduction in total number of commensals from autumn to spring can be attributed to severe winter conditions. A subrostral site of preference for adult branchiobdellid attachment, and a dominant abdomen I and II site for cocoon deposition are indicated for O. propinquus. On C. robustus, adults are most commonly found on the antennal bases and among the maxillipeds, and cocoons on the last live abdominal sternites. No host specificity is evident although an unidentified Cambarus sp. from Sunfish Lake is free of commensals. Host incompatibility may explain this, but data from Laurel Creek indicate that silting of the microhabitat is responsible for loss of branchiobdellid population. The crayfish–branchiobdellid relationship is commensal, or at most facultatively parasitic, as adult worms can live without a host for extended periods. Serological testing of rabbit serum containing branchiobdellid antibodies against crayfish serum is negative. The dependence of the egg stage on the host for some undetermined factor or factors is discussed. An Asellus sp. fails to pick up the commensals even when exposed under ideal conditions for colonization.

A case of splenomegaly with RK-39 positivity: A diagnostic pitfall

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552110206
Author(s):  
Prasad Dange ◽  
Ankesh Gupta ◽  
Richa Juneja ◽  
Renu Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Hereditary Spherocytosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Patient Evaluation ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Careful Patient ◽  
Diagnostic Pitfall ◽  
Marked Splenomegaly

Long-standing moderate to marked splenomegaly suggests several differential diagnoses, both haematological and infectious, particularly leishmaniasis and malaria in endemic areas. Non-infectious causes may be missed in these regions, especially if pitfalls of serological testing are not considered. Careful patient evaluation is necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis. We report a case of a young male whose hereditary spherocytosis was initially missed because of RK-39 positivity, splenomegaly and the fact that he hailed from an endemic region.

scholarly journals Waning antibody responses in COVID-19: what can we learn from the analysis of other coronaviruses?

Infection ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hamady ◽  
JinJu Lee ◽  
Zuzanna A. Loboda
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
Antibody Dynamics

Abstract Objectives The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the continuing surge in incidence and mortality globally, determining whether protective, long-term immunity develops after initial infection or vaccination has become critical. Methods/Results In this narrative review, we evaluate the latest understanding of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the four endemic human coronaviruses) in order to predict the consequences of antibody waning on long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We summarise their antibody dynamics, including the potential effects of cross-reactivity and antibody waning on vaccination and other public health strategies. At present, based on our comparison with other coronaviruses we estimate that natural antibody-mediated protection for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to last for 1–2 years and therefore, if vaccine-induced antibodies follow a similar course, booster doses may be required. However, other factors such as memory B- and T-cells and new viral strains will also affect the duration of both natural and vaccine-mediated immunity. Conclusion Overall, antibody titres required for protection are yet to be established and inaccuracies of serological methods may be affecting this. We expect that with standardisation of serological testing and studies with longer follow-up, the implications of antibody waning will become clearer.

scholarly journals Glycosylation is a key in SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso A. Reis ◽  
Rudolf Tauber ◽  
Véronique Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cytokine Cascade ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 causes the respiratory syndrome COVID-19 and is responsible for the current pandemic. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2-mediating virus binding to target cells and subsequent viral uptake is extensively glycosylated. Here we focus on how glycosylation of both SARS-CoV-2 and target cells crucially impacts SARS-CoV-2 infection at different levels: (1) virus binding and entry to host cells, with glycosaminoglycans of host cells acting as a necessary co-factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection by interacting with the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, (2) innate and adaptive immune response where glycosylation plays both a protective role and contributes to immune evasion by masking of viral polypeptide epitopes and may add to the cytokine cascade via non-fucosylated IgG, and (3) therapy and vaccination where a monoclonal antibody-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 was shown to interact also with a distinct glycan epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These evidences highlight the importance of ensuring that glycans are considered when tackling this disease, particularly in the development of vaccines, therapeutic strategies and serological testing.

scholarly journals Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Roxhed ◽  
Annika Bendes ◽  
Matilda Dale ◽  
Cecilia Mattsson ◽  
Leo Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Blood Spots

AbstractSerological testing is essential to curb the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most assays are still limited to single analytes and samples collected within healthcare. Thus, we establish a multianalyte and multiplexed approach to reliably profile IgG and IgM levels against several versions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, RBD, N) in home-sampled dried blood spots (DBS). We analyse DBS collected during spring of 2020 from 878 random and undiagnosed individuals from the population in Stockholm, Sweden, and use classification approaches to estimate an accumulated seroprevalence of 12.5% (95% CI: 10.3%–14.7%). This includes 5.4% of the samples being IgG+IgM+ against several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, as well as 2.1% being IgG−IgM+ and 5.0% being IgG+IgM− for the virus’ S protein. Subjects classified as IgG+ for several SARS-CoV-2 proteins report influenza-like symptoms more frequently than those being IgG+ for only the S protein (OR = 6.1; p < 0.001). Among all seropositive cases, 30% are asymptomatic. Our strategy enables an accurate individual-level and multiplexed assessment of antibodies in home-sampled blood, assisting our understanding about the undiagnosed seroprevalence and diversity of the immune response against the coronavirus.

Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Missed Opportunities for Diagnosis and Prevention

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Aitken Soares Mueller ◽  
Ana Cristina Cisne Frota ◽  
Daniela Durão Menna Barreto ◽  
Daniela Pires Ferreira Vivacqua ◽  
Gabriela Bueno Loria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Clinic Appointment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Made In

Abstract Objectives Identify missed opportunities for the prevention and early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) in infants followed up in a reference center for pediatric infectious diseases (PID) in Rio de Janeiro between January 2007 and December 2016. Methods Descriptive study including infants with CT, diagnosis established based on Brazil’s Ministry of Health’s criteria. All data regarding the infants and their mother’s prenatal care were collected from the medical records of the Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG)—a tertiary public pediatric university hospital. The study enrolled infants aged between 0 and 12 months followed up in the PID department of IPPMG and with confirmed infection by Toxoplasma gondii in the period between January 2007 and December 2016. All patients with diagnosis of CT registered in the PID database of the IPPMG and admitted in the above-mentioned period were included in the study. Patients whose records were not available, or who went to just one clinic appointment were excluded. Results The obstetric history of all 44 women, whose infants (45) were diagnosed with CT, was analyzed. Their median age was 22 years. None had undergone preconception serological testing for toxoplasmosis. Only 20 (45%) of them started antenatal care during the first trimester of gestation, a total of 24 (55%) had more than six antenatal care visits, and 16% of those did not undergo serological testing for toxoplasmosis. None were adequately informed of preventive measures. The diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis was made in 50% of these pregnancies but 32% of the women were not treated. Only 10 children of these mothers were adequately screened and treated at birth. Conclusion Despite the existence of national recommendations, several opportunities were missed to prevent CT during the antenatal period and to diagnose and treat this condition in the neonatal period.

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