scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of the development history of the Chinese food additive standards system based on the CODEX principles

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongdong Liu ◽  
Boxiang Liu ◽  
Gaowei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Standard Industrial Classification ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Member States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Food

AbstractIn 1984, China joined the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), which was established by the United Nations’ World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which consists of 188 member states and one member organization. Since then, China has taken an active role in various initiatives organized by the Codex Committee on Food Additives (CCFA) and has shared resources and experience with its Codex member states, thus effectively promoting the development of the Chinese food additive standards system. Instead of a country where almost no systematic food additive standard were available, China has become the host country of the CCFA’s sessions. China’s food additive industry is the only one that is supported by international standards, out of the industries of the International Standard Industrial Classification and China’s national economy. Based on this case, four strategic milestones are summarized by retrospectively analyzing the history of the development of Chinese food additive standards from 1978 to the present. China is expected to share its valuable experience and provide references for the improvement of food additive standards systems in multiple developing countries, so promoting food safety and trade harmonization. With the advances in core technologies in the food industry, the future development of food additive standardization is also forecast in this review.

scholarly journals Food additives: Risk analysis and legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Ivan Stanković ◽  
Milica Zrnić-Ćirić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Member States ◽  
Codex Alimentarius

Food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose results in it or its by-products becoming a component of such foods. The use of each new additive is preceded by a risk analysis consisting of three interrelated components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. At the international level in the Codex Alimentarius system, risk assessment is performed by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and risk management by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that, based on the results of the risk assessment, prepares international standards and recommendations that Member States incorporate into national regulations. At the level of the European Union (EU), risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a basis for risk management by the European Commission (EC) that prepares food additive legislation, and member states authorities responsible for official control of additives on the market. Risk communication takes place between all stakeholders including academia, food producers and consumers. The regulation on additives in the Republic of Serbia is fully harmonized with the EU legislation in this area.

scholarly journals Sociocultural and Ecological Dynamics of Green Spaces in Brazzaville (Congo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Victor Kimpouni ◽  
Jean De Dieu Nzila ◽  
Noël Watha-Ndoudy ◽  
Elodie Charleine Kokolo Bilongo ◽  
Salisou Yallo Mouhamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
World Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Plants ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cultural Monuments

The study was conducted in Brazzaville, and data collection covers the period from May to June 2017. The methodology is based on literature review and floristic and equipment inventory. Nine green spaces spread over two out of nine townships in the capital city. Four are located in Bacongo and five in Poto-Poto. According to the classification standards, 5 squares and 4 gardens were studied. Except for one square, all the others, including the gardens, are planted with trees. The equipment inventory lists 183 benches, including 63.83% permanently and/or partially in the sun, 4 playgrounds, no games for children, and 3 cultural monuments. The flora and health of the trees stands shows 186 trees and 279 shrubs, all corresponding to 26 species. An examination of the health status reveals that 57% of trees show anthropogenic injuries. Floral analysis shows that exotic plants (76.92%) predominate over local plants (23.07%). The average basal area of trees in all green spaces is 1.95 m2·ha−1. The diametric structure is erratic within all green spaces, with a dominance of large diameter subjects. This leads to poor natural regeneration of woody plants. The green spaces in Brazzaville, which are very unevenly distributed within the urban fabric, do not meet the international standards disseminated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and do not fully play their biodiversity conservation and recreational and ecological functions. History of green spaces in Brazzaville states that no creation was born after independence. The existing land has been reduced in size, and the new land has been used for other purposes.

Safety Evaluation and Management of Food Additives by FAO/WHO

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 812-815
Author(s):  
Bo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Food ◽  
Food Control ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Supervision And Management ◽  
The World

Safety and management of additives used in food have become important issues of public and administrative concern. The most important thing to say is that the use of food additives should be controlled by law. An extensive evaluation on the safety of new additives must be carried out before they are allowed to use in food. This paper discusses the safety evaluation and management system for food additives adopted by the FAO/WHO Codex committees, introduces the internationally standards, guidelines, codes and recommendations established by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme with the purpose of protecting the health of consumers and ensuring fair practices in the world food trade. The conclusion is that these international standards and codes have become the global reference for national food control agencies in performing their food additive supervision and management responsibilities on behalf of the consumers.

Older peoples’ sacrifice during COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
Adalberto Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Active Role ◽  
World Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Behavior Models ◽  
Care For Older People

Purpose This paper aims to reflect on the roles that are socially attributed to older people in the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A discourse analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for older people and news articles to explore their concepts about this population during COVID-19. Findings The author’s interpretation suggests that the WHO provides a restrictive model of action for older people in the pandemic. The history of these people is not valued, and their actions are limited to the maintenance of biological life. This restriction can lead to sacrificial behavior models depicted in the news, demanding a reconceptualization of the notion of older people. Originality/value The public model of older people is dangerous for this population during COVID19. The care for older people in this pandemic demands that we co-construct an active role with them for this crisis.

Prevalence of Food Additive intolerance

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Population Study ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Atopic Disease ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Patient Groups

1 The existing prevalence estimates of food additive intolerance1-4 are being reviewed. 2 In the EEC report the estimated frequency of food additive intolerance is 0.03% to 0.15% based on data from patient groups. 3 The British population study results in a prevalence estimate of 0.026%. The challenged population is 81 children and adults with a history of reproducible clinical symptoms after ingestion of food additives. 4 In the Danish population study a prevalence of 1-2% is found in children age 5-16. In this study a total of 606 children mainly with atopic disease have been challenged. 5 The prevalence estimates vary with a factor 100. As the results vary so do the study populations. 6 If the different study populations are accounted for, a common conclusion can be drawn: Food additive intolerance is found in adults with atopic symptoms from the respiratory tract and skin. The prevalence estimates are questionable but may be less than 0.15%. In adults and children with reproducible, and with more subjective symptoms, such as headache and behavioural/mood change the prevalence is even lower (0.026%). Food additive intolerance is primarily found in atopic children with cutaneous symptoms where the additive is aggravating an existing disease. The prevalence of food additive intolerance in children age 5-16 is 1-2%.

A Note on the Publication History of John Polidori's The Vampyre

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Fabio Camilletti
Keyword(s):  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Publication History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

It is generally assumed that The Vampyre was published against John Polidori's will. This article brings evidence to support that he played, in fact, an active role in the publication of his tale, perhaps as a response to Frankenstein. In particular, by making use of the tools of textual criticism, it demonstrates how the ‘Extract of a Letter from Geneva’ accompanying The Vampyre in The New Monthly Magazine and in volume editions could not be written without having access to Polidori's Diary. Furthermore, it hypothesizes that the composition of The Vampyre, traditionally located in Geneva in the course of summer 1816, can be postdated to 1818, opening up new possibilities for reading the tale in the context of the relationship between Polidori, Byron, and the Shelleys.

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

STEVIA PLANT - ALTERNATIVE SWEETNER IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1217
Author(s):  
Jovana Džoljić ◽  
Ljiljana Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Food and Agricultural Organization as a “sweeteners” consider products used for sweetening derived from sugar crops, cereals, fruits or milk, or that are produced by insects. Sweeteners, as an additive, have important role for technological functions of food, especially in providing texture, bulk and color, and also as preservative agents. Regardless the numerous sweeteners, alternative sweeteners to sucrose are in main focus for implementation in food industry. Nowadays Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization Food standards, Codex Alimentarius Commission (2018) accepted list of 27 food additives that have the functional class “sweetener”. Nowadays, alternative sweeteners and their application in food technology are in main focus of scientist. Stevia plant stands for one of the most important natural intense sweetener, since stevia glycosides are almost 400 times sweeter than sucrose. Extracts of stevia represents a powerful tool for reducing sugars in food and beverages, which can be acceptable substitutes to full sugar versions of this products. Regarding the data of Euromonitor international, new food products containing stevia grew 10% from 2016 to 2017. The biggest increment in stevia use was noticed in categories of snacks, juice drinks, dairy, carbonated soft drinks and confectionery. Barriocanal et al. (2008) highlighted that safety studies reported no negative side effects of stevia use. Can be expected that in recent future use of S. rebaudiana as sweetener would be extended to almost all the world’s countries, regarding all discovered beneficial health effects.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Ca Serviks Dan Perilaku Pencegahan Ca Serviks Di Sma Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuni Kurniati Yuni Kurniati
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Birth Control Pills ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT   According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every two minutes a woman dies of cervical cancer in develoving countries. In Indonesia, new cases of cervical cancer is 40-45 cases of day. It is estimated every hour, a women died of cervical center. At the general hospital center Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, the incidence of women who had cervical cancer incidence year 2011 women who had cervical cancer incidence are 34 people (48,2%). The following factors increase the chance of cervical cancer in women is infection of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), sexsual behavior, family history of cervical cancer, age, mechanism of how oral contraceptives, smoking, income or socioeconomic status, race , unhealthy diet, the cell abnormal, parity, use of the drug DES (Dietilsbestrol), and birth control pills. The purpose of this study is known of adolescents about cervical cancer in SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang year 2016. This study used Analytic Survey with Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study were all young women students in SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang with the number of 171 respondents. The results showed there were 171 respondents (37.5%) of respondents were knowledgeable, and (62.52%) of respondents who are knowledgeable unfavorable. These results indicate that knowledgeable either less than those less knowledgeable in both the SMA Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Year 2016. From these results, it is expected that more teens can know about cervical cancer so that it can add a lot of insight and knowledge.     ABSTRAK   Menurut data World Health Organization (WHO), setiap dua menit wanita meninggal dunia karena kanker serviks dinegara berkembang. Di Indonesia, kasus baru kanker serviks 40-45 kasus perhari. Di perkirakan setiap satu jam, seorang perempuan meninggal dunia karena kanker serviks. Di rumah sakit umum pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, angka kejadian ibu yang mengalami kanker serviks pada tahun 2011 ibu yang mengalami kejadian kanker serviks terdapat 34 orang (48,2%). Faktor-faktor berikut meningkat kan peluang kanker serviks pada wanita yaitu infeksi Human Papiloma virus (HPV), perilaku seks, riwayat keluarga kanker serviks, umur ,mekanisme bagaimana kontrasepsi peroral, merokok, pendapatan atau status social ekonomi, ras, diet tidak sehat, adanya sel abnormal, paritas, menggunakan obat DES (Dietilsbestrol),dan pil KB. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Diketahuinya pengetahuan remaja tentang Ca Cerviks di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey  analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua siswi remaja putri di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang dengan jumlah 171 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 171 responden terdapat(37.5 %) responden yang berpengetahuan baik, dan (62.52  %) responden yang berpengetahuan kurang baik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa yang berpengetahuan baik lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan  yang berpengetahuan kurang baik di SMA Negeri Tebing Tinggi Empat Lawang Tahun 2016. Dari hasil penelitian ini, Diharapkan remaja bisa lebih banyak mengetahui tentang caserviks sehingga dapat menambah banyak wawasan dan pengetahuan.    

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