scholarly journals Divergence across mitochondrial genomes of sympatric members of the Schistosoma indicum group and clues into the evolution of Schistosoma spindale

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben P. Jones ◽  
Billie F. Norman ◽  
Hannah E. Borrett ◽  
Stephen W. Attwood ◽  
Mohammed M. H. Mondal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Cryptic Speciation ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Economic Issues

AbstractSchistosoma spindale and Schistosoma indicum are ruminant-infecting trematodes of the Schistosoma indicum group that are widespread across Southeast Asia. Though neglected, these parasites can cause major pathology and mortality to livestock leading to significant welfare and socio-economic issues, predominantly amongst poor subsistence farmers and their families. Here we used mitogenomic analysis to determine the relationships between these two sympatric species of schistosome and to characterise S. spindale diversity in order to identify possible cryptic speciation. The mitochondrial genomes of S. spindale and S. indicum were assembled and genetic analyses revealed high levels of diversity within the S. indicum group. Evidence of functional changes in mitochondrial genes indicated adaptation to environmental change associated with speciation events in S. spindale around 2.5 million years ago. We discuss our results in terms of their theoretical and applied implications.

scholarly journals Resolving Phylogenetic Relationships within Passeriformes Based on Mitochondrial Genes and Inferring the Evolution of Their Mitogenomes in Terms of Duplications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2824-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Mackiewicz ◽  
Adam Dawid Urantówka ◽  
Aleksandra Kroczak ◽  
Dorota Mackiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tree Topologies

Abstract Mitochondrial genes are placed on one molecule, which implies that they should carry consistent phylogenetic information. Following this advantage, we present a well-supported phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes from almost 300 representatives of Passeriformes, the most numerous and differentiated Aves order. The analyses resolved the phylogenetic position of paraphyletic Basal and Transitional Oscines. Passerida occurred divided into two groups, one containing Paroidea and Sylvioidea, whereas the other, Passeroidea and Muscicapoidea. Analyses of mitogenomes showed four types of rearrangements including a duplicated control region (CR) with adjacent genes. Mapping the presence and absence of duplications onto the phylogenetic tree revealed that the duplication was the ancestral state for passerines and was maintained in early diverged lineages. Next, the duplication could be lost and occurred independently at least four times according to the most parsimonious scenario. In some lineages, two CR copies have been inherited from an ancient duplication and highly diverged, whereas in others, the second copy became similar to the first one due to concerted evolution. The second CR copies accumulated over twice as many substitutions as the first ones. However, the second CRs were not completely eliminated and were retained for a long time, which suggests that both regions can fulfill an important role in mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on CR sequences subjected to the complex evolution can produce tree topologies inconsistent with real evolutionary relationships between species. Passerines with two CRs showed a higher metabolic rate in relation to their body mass.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial genome of the nonphotosynthetic mycoheterotrophic plant Hypopitys monotropa, its structure, gene expression and RNA editing

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9309
Author(s):  
Viktoria Yu Shtratnikova ◽  
Mikhail I. Schelkunov ◽  
Aleksey A. Penin ◽  
Maria D. Logacheva
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
Trans Splicing

Heterotrophic plants—plants that have lost the ability to photosynthesize—are characterized by a number of changes at all levels of organization. Heterotrophic plants are divided into two large categories—parasitic and mycoheterotrophic (MHT). The question of to what extent such changes are similar in these two categories is still open. The plastid genomes of nonphotosynthetic plants are well characterized, and they exhibit similar patterns of reduction in the two groups. In contrast, little is known about the mitochondrial genomes of MHT plants. We report the structure of the mitochondrial genome of Hypopitys monotropa, a MHT member of Ericaceae, and the expression of its genes. In contrast to its highly reduced plastid genome, the mitochondrial genome of H. monotropa is larger than that of its photosynthetic relative Vaccinium macrocarpon, and its complete size is ~810 Kb. We observed an unusually long repeat-rich structure of the genome that suggests the existence of linear fragments. Despite this unique feature, the gene content of the H. monotropa mitogenome is typical of flowering plants. No acceleration of substitution rates is observed in mitochondrial genes, in contrast to previous observations in parasitic non-photosynthetic plants. Transcriptome sequencing revealed the trans-splicing of several genes and RNA editing in 33 of 38 genes. Notably, we did not find any traces of horizontal gene transfer from fungi, in contrast to plant parasites, which extensively integrate genetic material from their hosts.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial genomes of two parasitic Cuscuta species show little evidence of horizontal gene transfer and retain unusually fragmented ccmFC genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Anderson ◽  
Kirsten Krause ◽  
Gitte Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Sexual Exchange ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Nuclear Genomes ◽  
Candidate Regions ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

Background: The intimate association between parasitic plants and their hosts favours the exchange of genetic material, potentially leading to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between plants. With the recent publication of several parasitic plant nuclear genomes, there has been considerable focus on such non-sexual exchange of genes. To enhance the picture on HGT events in a widely distributed parasitic genus, Cuscuta (dodders), we assembled and analyzed the organellar genomes of two recently sequenced species, C. australis and C. campestris, making this the first account of complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) for this genus. Results: The mitogenomes are 265,696 and 275,898 bp in length and contain a typical set of mitochondrial genes, with ten missing or pseudogenized genes often lost from angiosperm mitogenomes. Each mitogenome also possesses a structurally unusual ccmFC gene, which exhibits splitting of one exon and a shift to trans-splicing of its intron. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes from across angiosperms and similarity-based searches, there is little to no indication of HGT into the Cuscuta mitogenomes. A few candidate regions for plastome-to-mitogenome transfer were identified, with one suggestive of possible HGT. Conclusions: The lack of HGT is surprising given examples from the nuclear genomes, and may be due in part to the relatively small size of our Cuscuta mitogenomes, limiting the capacity to integrate foreign sequences.

scholarly journals Mitigating mitochondrial genome erosion without recombination

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunas L Radzvilavicius ◽  
Hanna Kokko ◽  
Joshua Christie
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Model ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Uniparental Inheritance ◽  
Mutation Load ◽  
Ratchet Effect ◽  
Paternal Leakage ◽  
Defect Accumulation ◽  
Random Segregation

AbstractMitochondria are ATP-producing organelles of bacterial ancestry that played a key role in the origin and early evolution of complex eukaryotic cells. Most modern eukaryotes transmit mitochondrial genes uniparentally, often without recombination among genetically divergent organelles. While this asymmetric inheritance maintains the efficacy of purifying selection at the level of the cell, the absence of recombination could also make the genome susceptible to Muller’s ratchet. How mitochondria escape this irreversible defect accumulation is a fundamental unsolved question. Occasional paternal leakage could in principle promote recombination, but it would also compromise the purifying-selection benefits of uniparental inheritance. We assess this tradeoff using a stochastic population-genetic model. In the absence of recombination, uniparental inheritance of freely segregating genomes mitigates mutational erosion, while paternal leakage exacerbates the ratchet effect. Mitochondrial fusion-fission cycles ensure independent genome segregation, improving purifying selection. Paternal leakage provides opportunity for recombination to slow down the mutation accumulation, but always at a cost of increased steady-state mutation load. Our findings indicate that random segregation of mitochondrial genomes under uniparental inheritance can effectively combat the mutational meltdown, and that homologous recombination under paternal leakage might not be needed.

scholarly journals MENTORING THE TROUBLED WOMEN WORKERS AT THE INDONESIAN EMBASSY IN SINGAPORE: Integration of Sufism and Psychology

Teosofia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Amin Syukur ◽  
Nidhomun Ni'am ◽  
Sri Rejeki
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Circular Migration ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Work Abroad

<p><span><em><span lang="EN">There are five components ofdemographics</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">namely</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">; </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">birth</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">death</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">migration</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">social mobility</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">and</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN"> m</span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">arriage. This study focuses onthe migration of people</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">commonly called circular migration</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">. </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">Population growth and economic issues</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">namely the narrowness of employment in Indonesia and the salary promised to be the cause</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">. </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">In Indonesia, this migration</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN"> is </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">called Indonesian Workers (</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">TKI), </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">both menand women.The majority of Indonesian people's livelihood</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN"> is </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">asrice farmers, whose results are not sufficient.Naturally, the majority of the Indonesian people become motivated to work abroad</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">. </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">This study focuses on one of the countries in Southeast Asia</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">, namely Singapore </span></em><span><em><span lang="EN">with consideration of the number of Indonesian migrant workers who work in Singapore</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN">.</span></em></p>

scholarly journals Phylogeny and population genetic analyses reveals cryptic speciation in the Bombus fervidus species complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. e0207080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Koch ◽  
Juanita Rodriguez ◽  
James P. Pitts ◽  
James P. Strange
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetic ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Cryptic Speciation ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Population Genetic Analyses

scholarly journals The earliest diverging extant scleractinian corals recovered by mitochondrial genomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela G. L. Seiblitz ◽  
Kátia C. C. Capel ◽  
Jarosław Stolarski ◽  
Zheng Bin Randolph Quek ◽  
Danwei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Gene Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
The Family

AbstractEvolutionary reconstructions of scleractinian corals have a discrepant proportion of zooxanthellate reef-building species in relation to their azooxanthellate deep-sea counterparts. In particular, the earliest diverging “Basal” lineage remains poorly studied compared to “Robust” and “Complex” corals. The lack of data from corals other than reef-building species impairs a broader understanding of scleractinian evolution. Here, based on complete mitogenomes, the early onset of azooxanthellate corals is explored focusing on one of the most morphologically distinct families, Micrabaciidae. Sequenced on both Illumina and Sanger platforms, mitogenomes of four micrabaciids range from 19,048 to 19,542 bp and have gene content and order similar to the majority of scleractinians. Phylogenies containing all mitochondrial genes confirm the monophyly of Micrabaciidae as a sister group to the rest of Scleractinia. This topology not only corroborates the hypothesis of a solitary and azooxanthellate ancestor for the order, but also agrees with the unique skeletal microstructure previously found in the family. Moreover, the early-diverging position of micrabaciids followed by gardineriids reinforces the previously observed macromorphological similarities between micrabaciids and Corallimorpharia as well as its microstructural differences with Gardineriidae. The fact that both families share features with family Kilbuchophylliidae ultimately points towards a Middle Ordovician origin for Scleractinia.

scholarly journals Crickets of the subfamily Eneopterinae (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Sandakan, Sabah: one new species and calling songs of a sympatric species

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4619 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-363
Author(s):  
MING KAI TAN ◽  
RAZY JAPIR ◽  
ARTHUR Y.C. CHUNG ◽  
TONY ROBILLARD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
First Time ◽  
One New Species

Orthoptera from Sandakan, Sabah are relatively understudied compared to some other parts of Borneo, and lack of information of species there can impede our understanding of the origins and biodiversity of orthopterans in Borneo and, in general, Southeast Asia. Based on a recent orthopteran survey in Sandakan, one new species of Lebinthus Stål is described: Lebinthus sandakan sp. nov. The male calling song of this new species is also presented. The calling song of Cardiodactylus borneoe Robillard & Gorochov, 2014 is also described for the first time. 

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