Perlambatan migrasi sirkuler: Penilaian terhadap perubahan pola migrasi sirkuler di pedesaan Jawa Barat

Circular migration has become a well-established institution for rural dwellers in Java. For farmers or unskilled rural workers, informal sectors, construction, or small trade in urban areas provide an adequate working opportunity and, at the same time, a relatively higher wage compared to the agricultural sector. It is frequently argued that migration could reduce poverty in rural areas. Although many harsh critics had been addressed to such arguments, there was relatively little attention given to the dynamics of circular migration itself, as most studies tend to argue that these activities are a constant phenomenon. Based on a comparative survey conducted in Tegal Nduwur Village in 2010 and 2020, this study finds that the rate of circular migration among farmers has significantly decreased. Better market opportunities and deindustrialisation, combined with a shifting development paradigm toward decentralisation since 1999, have gradually improved the village’s infrastructure. Under such conditions, the agroecosystem has been transformed from a slow to a fast one. The fast agroecosystem has yielded a more promising outcome for farmers’ household economy and absorbed many labor forces, i.e., people who previously migrated to various cities. This condition has decelerated the circular migration flows.

The plight of migrants during COVID-19 and the impact of circular migration in India: a systematic review

As per the reports of WHO, the COVID-19, first reported in December 2019, put the whole world in an unprecedented crisis and lingering uncertainty with innumerable deaths, generalised economic depression, unemployment, quarantine, unavoidable lockdown, and travel-ban that was imposed globally as a necessity to tackle the pandemic. Among the populace, the migrants were found to be one of the most vulnerable groups in this lockdown, as their very livelihood came to a complete standstill. This review-paper aims to investigate in detail the multiple facets of adversities the migrants went through in India during the lockdown and the socio-psychological impact of circular migration. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, studies on migrant workers during COVID-19 and on circular migration were searched. Database searches on Scopus, PubMed, and PsychNet and manual searches on Google Scholar were carried out. From the initially identified 15,697 articles, 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria were chosen for review. The findings highlight the different plight of the migrants, who had the pressing need to head back home to safety despite the acute financial crisis and the travel problems. The poor quality of the relief camps with meagre rations and lack of facilities especially put the women and children in distress and generated a lot of psychosocial issues. The present study urges the mental health-care professionals to groom themselves for facing the challenges of a surge in mental illnesses by taking necessary measures. It also emphasises the need to establish a strong ethical alliance between the local population, health systems, local government mechanisms, and human rights associations in order to take a relook at the national migration policies.

Migración Circular, Gestión y Rentabilidad de la Fuerza de Trabajo: El Caso de la Comunidad Agrícola de José Narciso Rovirosa, Quintana Roo

El propósito de este artículo es presentar las dinámicas de las nuevas formas de gestión y de apropiación de la fuerza de trabajo en el capitalismo global, tomando en cuenta la migración circular de los jornaleros agrícolas temporales de la comunidad de José Narciso Rovirosa, del Estado de Quintana Roo, que migran cíclicamente, mediante el programa de empleo temporal PTAT, a trabajar en las granjas de Canadá. Se parte de una presentación general sobre el concepto de migración circular entendida, en este trabajo, como el patrón de desplazamiento característico del capitalismo global para la maximización y rentabilidad de la fuerza de trabajo proveniente de países en desarrollo. Se afirma que los migrantes circulares encuentran en las comunidades de origen entramados económicos, sociales y políticos, que no permiten que las remesas obtenidas mediante condiciones de sobreexplotación en las granjas canadienses, se conviertan en fuente de desarrollo para la comunidad; pone en discusión la justificación para la gestión de la migración como factor de desarrollo en las comunidades de origen, se reafirma en cambio la migración como dinámica causal acumulativa que obliga a los trabajadores a buscar en la migración el único horizonte de sobrevivencia. This paper focuses on presenting the dynamics of the new forms of management and appropriation of labour power in global capitalism. It takes into account the circular migration of temporary agricultural labourers from the community of José Narciso Rovirosa, in the state of Quintana Roo, who migrate cyclically, through the temporary employment programme PTAT to work on farms in Canada. The paper begins with a general presentation of the concept of circular migration. This study is considered as the pattern of displacement characteristic of global capitalism for the maximization and profitability of the labour force from developing countries. It is affirmed that circular migrants find in their communities of origin economic, social, and political frameworks. These frameworks do not allow remittances obtained through conditions of overexploitation in Canadian farms to become a source of development for the community. It questions the justification for the management of migration as a factor of development in the communities of origin. It also reaffirms migration as an accumulative causal dynamic that forces workers to seek migration as the only horizon of survival.

Circular Migration and Triple Benefits: The Case of Albanian Migrants to Italy

According to the 2008 IOM Report on Migration in the World, circular migration is "the fluid movement of people between countries, including temporary or long-term movements, which can be beneficial to all entities involved, if it happens voluntarily and if it is related to the labor market needs of the countries of origin and destination.” The already 30-year experience of emigration of Albanians to Italy has shaped new models of migration. The historical migration between the two countries, as well as the long migratory experience after the fall of the communist regime, has enabled the circulation of many individuals between the two countries.The purpose of this study is to explore through the experiences of migrants moving between Albania and Italy, their contribution to themselves, as well as for the host country and that of origin. This paper is based on a combination of data obtained from secondary sources, such as: studies and research by foreign and Albanian authors, reports and literature focused mainly on circular migrants, but not only, as well as primary data obtained from direct interviews and focus groups with 15 circular migrants. Based on the perceptions generated by the migrants themselves, who participated in this study, there seems to be a threefold benefit from this migration process, despite the fact that migrants' perceptions take on different nuances in relation to these benefits that sometimes lean more towards themselves, sometimes from the host country and sometimes from the country of origin. Throughout the interviews it was noted that migrants did not know policies in support of this category, either from the host country or from the country of origin, which can be considered as an important step to be taken in the framework of interstate cooperation, to increase the triple benefit from this type of migration. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

Methodology for Identifying the Boundaries of Agglomerations based on Statistical Data

Significant difference in development between the municipalities is an obstacle for achieving economic sustainability in many Russian regions. Regional development strategies and plans of various municipalities often cannot be synchronised because of their incompatibility. Moreover, municipalities usually lack necessary resources to implement their strategies. To solve these problems, we identified groups of municipalities (key units of the settlement system (KUSS)) based on the existing socio-eco- nomic relations, common challenges and development potential. We propose a methodology for identifying KUSS and describe its application. This methodology relies on statistical data available at the municipal level. To assess the interconnection of municipalities, we used 6 statistical socio-economic indicators and 1 integrated index of Gross Municipal Product (GMP). The difference in the first 6 indicators of the development of municipalities demonstrated, that less developed municipalities tend to more developed ones. We used the values of gross municipal product to define high mutual attraction of large municipalities (similar to the gravity model). The distance between municipalities reduced their mutual influence. Due to the limited data set, it was necessary to consider the reliability of the identified inter-municipal relations. Thus, we compared the obtained results with empirical data on population distribution and circular migration between municipalities in the region. The comparison of our calculations and actual data showed high precision of the presented methodology. The resulting grouping of municipalities allowed identifying 21 key units of the settlement system in Sverdlovsk oblast. The proposed methodology can be used for deter- mining large groups of municipalities in Sverdlovsk oblast, as well as in other Russian regions.

An approach to integrate population mobility patterns and sociocultural factors in communicable disease preparedness and response

Complex human movement patterns driven by a range of economic, health, social, and environmental factors influence communicable disease spread. Further, cross-border movement impacts disparate public health systems of neighboring countries, making an effective response to disease importation or exportation more challenging. Despite the array of quantitative techniques and social science approaches available to analyze movement patterns, there continues to be a dearth of methods within the applied public health setting to gather and use information about community-level mobility dynamics. Population Connectivity Across Borders (PopCAB) is a rapidly-deployable toolkit to characterize multisectoral movement patterns through community engagement using focus group discussions or key informant interviews, each with participatory mapping, and apply the results to tailor preparedness and response strategies. The Togo and Benin Ministries of Health (MOH), in collaboration with the Abidjan Lagos Corridor Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, adapted and applied PopCAB to inform cross-border preparedness and response strategies for multinational Lassa fever outbreaks. Initially, the team implemented binational, national-level PopCAB activities in March 2017, highlighting details about a circular migration pathway across northern Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. After applying those results to respond to a cross-border Lassa fever outbreak in February 2018, the team designed an expanded PopCAB initiative in April 2018. In eight days, they trained 54 MOH staff who implemented 21 PopCAB focus group discussions in 14 cities with 224 community-level participants representing six stakeholder groups. Using the newly-identified 167 points of interest and 176 routes associated with a circular migration pathway across Togo, Benin, and Nigeria, the Togo and Benin MOH refined their cross-border information sharing and collaboration processes for Lassa fever and other communicable diseases, selected health facilities with increased community connectivity for enhanced training, and identified techniques to better integrate traditional healers in surveillance and community education strategies. They also integrated the final toolkit in national- and district-level public health preparedness plans. Integrating PopCAB in public health practice to better understand and accommodate population movement patterns can help countries mitigate the international spread of disease in support of improved global health security and International Health Regulations requirements.