scholarly journals EMILIN proteins are novel extracellular constituents of the dentin-pulp complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Imhof ◽  
Yüksel Korkmaz ◽  
Manuel Koch ◽  
Gerhard Sengle ◽  
Alvise Schiavinato
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Supramolecular Networks ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Caries Lesions ◽  
Pulp Biology

Abstract Odontoblasts and pulp stroma cells are embedded within supramolecular networks of extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibrillin microfibrils and associated proteins are crucial constituents of these networks, serving as contextual scaffolds to regulate tissue development and homeostasis by providing both structural and mechanical properties and sequestering growth factors of the TGF-β superfamily. EMILIN-1, -2, and -3 are microfibril-associated glycoproteins known to modulate cell behaviour, growth factor activity, and ECM assembly. So far their expression in the various cells of the dentin-pulp complex during development, in the adult stage, and during inflammation has not been investigated. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot analysis of developing and adult mouse molars and incisors revealed an abundant presence of EMILINs in the entire dental papilla, at early developmental stages. Later in development the signal intensity for EMILIN-3 decreases, while EMILIN-1 and -2 staining appears to increase in the pre-dentin and in the ECM surrounding odontoblasts. Our data also demonstrate new specific interactions of EMILINs with fibulins in the dentin enamel junction. Interestingly, in dentin caries lesions the signal for EMILIN-3 was significantly increased in inflamed odontoblasts. Overall our findings point for the first time to a role of EMILINs in dentinogenesis, pulp biology, and inflammation.

scholarly journals Zeiform mouthbrooding in the deepsea – dispelling a myth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf ◽  
G. David Johnson ◽  
Kevin Conway
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Deep Sea Fauna

Mouthbrooding or oral incubation, the retention of early developmental stages inside of the mouth for an extended period of time, has evolved multiple times in bony fishes1,2. Though uncommon, this form of parental care has been documented and well-studied in several groups of freshwater fishes but is also known to occur in a small number of marine fishes, all inhabiting coastal waters1,2. A recent paper3, reported for the first time mouthbrooding in a deep-water fish species, the zeiform Parazen pacificus, which according to the authors “fills in a gap in the larval literature for this family of fishes and prompts further investigation into other novel reproductive modes of deep-sea fauna.”

Colleters in the vegetative axis of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae): anatomical, ultrastructural and functional aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ballego-Campos ◽  
Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marginal Cells ◽  
First Time

Colleters are common among eudicotyledons, but few records exist for monocotyledons and other groups of plants. For Bromeliaceae, mucilage secretions that protect the young portions of the plant have been observed only in the reproductive axis, and little is known about the secretory systems behind this or even other kind of secretions in the family. We aimed to describe, for the first time, the occurrence of colleters associated with the vegetative shoot of Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B.Sm., and elucidate aspects of their structure, ultrastructure and secretory activity. Samples of various portions of the stem axis were prepared according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Colleters were found compressed in the axillary portion of leaves and in all leaf developmental stages. Secretory activity, however, was found to be restricted to young and unexpanded leaves. The colleters displayed a flattened hand-like shape formed by a multiseriate stalk and an expanded secretory portion bearing elongated marginal cells. Ultrastructural data confirmed that the secretory role of the colleters is consistent with mucilaginous secretion. The functional roles of the colleters are discussed with regard to environmental context and intrinsic features of the plant, such as the presence of a water-impounding tank.

scholarly journals The genetic interaction of REVOLUTA  and WRKY53  links plant development, senescence, and immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Bresson ◽  
Jasmin Doll ◽  
Francois Vasseur ◽  
Mark Stahl ◽  
Edda von Roepenack-Lahaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Early Developmental

In annual plants, tight coordination of successive developmental events is of primary importance to optimize performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. The recent finding of the genetic interaction of WRKY53 , a key senescence-related gene with REVOLUTA , a master regulator of early leaf patterning, raises the question of how early and late developmental events are connected. Here, we investigated the developmental and metabolic consequences of an alteration of the REVOLUTA  and WRKY53 gene expression, from seedling to fruiting . Our results show that REVOLUTA critically controls late developmental phases and reproduction while inversely WRKY53 determines vegetative growth at early developmental stages. We further show that these regulators of distinct developmental phases frequently, but not continuously, interact throughout ontogeny and demonstrated that their genetic interaction is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA). Moreover, we showed that REVOLUTA  and WRKY53  are keys regulatory nodes of development and plant immunity thought their role in SA metabolic pathways, which also highlights the role of REV in pathogen defence. Together, our findings demonstrate how late and early developmental events are tightly intertwined by molecular hubs. These hubs interact with each other throughout ontogeny, and participate to the interplay between plant development and immunity.

Tree fern indusia: studies of development and diversity

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 2260-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Tryon ◽  
L. J. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ultimate Segment ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Developmental

Early developmental stages of the sorus in Cyathea fulva show that the indusium is initiated from cells of the protoderm on the abaxial leaf surface, closer to the midvein than the margin of the ultimate segment. This contrasts with earlier work on Alsophila tricolor that reported a marginal origin of the indusium and possible phyletic relations with the marginal sorus in the Dicksoniaceae. This new information is considered in an assessment of the numerous forms of the indusia in five genera of the Cyatheaceae. A series of photographs shows the principal forms and the diversity of sori and indusia in Sphaeropteris, Alsophila, Nephelea, Cyathea, and Cnemidaria, including species of both the paleotropics and neotropics. The figures illustrate the inadequacy of the earlier system of classification of these plants in three main genera based upon the type of indusium. The primary role of the indusium is considered to be the retardation of water loss during sporangial development and sporogenesis.

Development of pigment-cup eyes in the polychaetePlatynereis dumeriliiand evolutionary conservation of larval eyes in Bilateria

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1143-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev Arendt ◽  
Kristin Tessmar ◽  
Maria-Ines Medeiros de Campos-Baptista ◽  
Adriaan Dorresteijn ◽  
Joachim Wittbrodt
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Conservation ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Platynereis Dumerilii ◽  
Differentiation Marker ◽  
Early Developmental

The role of Pax6 in eye development in insects and vertebrates supports the view that their eyes evolved from simple pigment-cup ocelli present in their last common ancestors (Urbilateria). The cerebral eyes in errant polychaetes represent prototype invertebrate pigment-cup ocelli and thus resemble the presumed ancestral eyes. We have analysed expression of conserved eye specification genes in the early development of larval and adult pigment-cup eyes in Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta, Annelida, Lophotrochozoa). Both larval and adult eyes form in close vicinity of the optic anlagen on both sides of the developing brain ganglia. While pax6 is expressed in the larval, but not in the developing, adult eyes, expression of six1/2 from trochophora stages onwards specifically outlines the optic anlagen and thus covers both the developing larval and adult eyes. Using Platynereis rhabdomeric opsin as differentiation marker, we show that the first pair of adult eye photoreceptor cells is detected within bilateral clusters that transitorily express ath, the Platynereis atonal orthologue, thus resembling proneural sensory clusters. Our data indicate that – similar to insects, but different from the vertebrates – polychaete six1/2 expression outlines the entire visual system from early developmental stages onwards and ath-positive clusters generate the first photoreceptor cells to appear. We propose that pax6-, six1/2- and ath-positive larval eyes, as found in today’s trochophora, were present already in Urbilateria.

Ocellar pigmentation and phototaxis in the nematode Mermis nigrescens: changes during development

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1350
Author(s):  
A.H. Burr ◽  
D. Wagar ◽  
P. Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Positive Phototaxis ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Scanning Motion

After 1 or 2 years of dormancy in the soil, Mermis nigrescens females emerge to lay eggs on vegetation where their grasshopper hosts are likely to feed. Females collected at this life stage exhibit a strong positive phototaxis and have a tubular region of pigmentation near the anterior tip consisting of concentrated oxyhaemoglobin. A previous investigation of the scanning motion of the ‘head’ and orientation of the ‘neck’ has implicated the shadowing of a photoreceptor inside the tube as the mechanism for identifying the direction of light during phototaxis. Here, we describe the development of the pigment in young adult females and investigate phototaxis in early developmental stages that lack the pigment. The orientation of the neck to a horizontal 420 nm stimulus (intensity 10(13)photons s(−)(1)cm(−)(2)) was measured for unpigmented fourth-stage larvae and immature adult females as well as mature females with pigmented ocelli. The orientation of the larvae and immature adults was weakly negative, whereas that of the mature adults was strongly positive. Head and neck movements were otherwise the same in the three stages. Thus, the pigmentation appears to be required for positive phototaxis, and the results provide further support for the shadowing role of ocellar haemoglobin.

Abstract 16191: Phospholamban Regulates Perinuclear/nuclear Calcium Dynamics in Cardiomyocytes

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adonis Z Wu ◽  
Yi-Hsin Chan ◽  
Shien-Fong Lin ◽  
Peng-Sheng Chen ◽  
Zhenhui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Slow Decay ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Nuclear Regions ◽  
Uptake And Release

Introduction: Phospholamban (PLB) regulates cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a), thus modulating SR Ca 2+ dynamics. Recent studies demonstrated that SERCA is involved in Ca 2+ uptake into the lumen of nuclear envelope (NE) of cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, the regulatory role of PLB on Ca 2+ uptake into NE remains unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that PLB is also responsible for modulating nuclear Ca 2+ dynamics. Methods: Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine subcellular expression of PLB. By using fluo-4 based confocal line-scan Ca 2+ imaging, we measured spontaneous Ca 2+ waves (SCWs) across both cytoplasmic and nuclear regions in isolated permeabilized mouse CMs. Results: Several anti-PLB antibodies strongly stained PLB at both SR and the perinuclear membranes in CMs. A PLB peptide (residues 1-31) eliminated all these anti-PLB antibody stains. To identify the functional role of PLB expressed in the perinuclear membranes, we took advantage of our recently established method that a Fab fragment of anti-PLB monoclonal antibody (Fab) reversed PLB inhibition specifically and increased SR Ca 2+ uptake and release. SCWs through the nuclear regions had typically relative low fluorescent amplitude (F/F 0 ) and slow decay time (t 1/2 ) compared to that in the cytoplasmic region. At the free intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) of 400 nM, Fab (100 μg/mL) significantly enhanced F/F 0 and decreased t 1/2 of SCWs in both cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. After addition of Fab, F/F 0 of SCWs through the nuclear regions increased from 0.91±0.16 to 1.27±0.19 (n=9, p<.05) while t 1/2 decreased from 137.6±18.5 ms to 105.0±11.3 ms, (p<.05). Similar effects were also observed after phosphorylation of PLB by addition of 20 μM cAMP (F/F 0 =1.43±0.11 vs. 1.04±0.14 in control, p<.05; t 1/2 =107.82±10.9 ms vs. 139.21±20.1 ms in control, n=6, p<.05). At high [Ca 2+ ] i of 1000 nM where PLB does not inhibit SERCA2a, addition of cAMP or Fab had no significant effect on SCWs in both cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. Conclusions: We demonstrated that PLB is expressed in and around NE. Acute removal of PLB inhibition increased perinuclear/nuclear Ca 2+ uptake and release. PLB is critically involved in nuclear Ca 2+ signaling modulation.

scholarly journals RNA Interference-Based Silencing of the Chitin Synthase 1 Gene for Reproductive and Developmental Disruptions in Panonychus citri

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqar Ali ◽  
Muhammad Musa Khan ◽  
Fang Song ◽  
Liming Wu ◽  
Ligang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Chitin Synthase ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Citrus Red Mite ◽  
First Time

Chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) is an essential gene regulating chitin during different developmental stages of arthropods. In the current study, we explored for the first time the role of CHS1 gene regulation in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), by silencing its expression using (RNA interference) RNAi-based strategies. The results reveal that P. citri tested in different developmental stages, including larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and adults fed on sweet orange leaves dipped in various concentrations (200, 400, 600, and 800 ng/μL) of dsRNA-PcCHS1, resulted in a continuous reduction in their gene expression, and the extent of transcript knockdown was positively correlated with the concentration of dsRNA. Concentration–mortality response assays revealed a mortality of more than 50% among all the studied developmental stages, except for adulthood. Furthermore, the target gene dsRNA-PcCHS1 treatment of larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and females at a treatment rate of 800 ng/mL of dsRNA significantly decreased the egg-laying rates by 48.50%, 43.79%, 54%, and 39%, respectively, and the hatching rates were also considerably reduced by 64.70%, 70%, 64%, and 52.90%, respectively. Moreover, using the leaf dip method, we found that the RNA interference effectively reduced the PcCHS1 transcript levels by 42.50% and 42.06% in the eggs and adults, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that the RNAi of PcCHS1 can dramatically reduce the survival and fecundity of P. citri, but the dsRNA concentrations and developmental stages can significantly influence the RNAi effects. These findings indicate the potential utility of the PcCHS1 gene in causing developmental irregularities, which could aid in the development of effective and novel RNAi-based strategies for controlling P. citri.

The Separation of Two Different Enzymes Catalyzing the Formation of Hydroxycinnamic A dd Glucosides and Esters

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1223-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Alfred Bäumker ◽  
Michael Jütte ◽  
Rolf Wiermann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Molecular Sieving

Protein extracts from anthers of Tulipa cv. Apcldoorn catalyze the formation of glucosidcs and glucose esters of hydroxycinnamic acid with UDP-glucose as the glucosyl donor. By chromatofocusing and by HPLC (anion exchange chromatography) it could be demonstrated for the first time that two different enzymes are involved in these reactions. By using the molecular sieving (HPLC) a molecular weight of about 45000 D was determined for the GT (E) (= catalyz­ing the formation of esters) and of about 25000 D for the GT (G) (= catalyzing the formation of glucosidcs). Both enzymes exhibit a high spezificity for free hydroxycinnamic acids. It is assumed that these transferases arc involved in the formation of feruloylglucose and ferulic acid glucoside, the latter of which can be isolated from anthers at early developmental stages. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that feruloylglucose functions as a starter molecule for the transacylation reaction by which di- and triferulovlsucrose are formed.

Liriodenine, Early Antimicrobial Defence in Annona diversifolia

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván De la Cruz-Chacón ◽  
Alma Rosa González-Esquinca ◽  
Patricia Guevara Fefer ◽  
Luis Felipe Jímenez Garcia
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Seed Deterioration ◽  
Aspergillus Glaucus ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Alkaloid Extracts ◽  
Early Developmental

Annonaceae aporphine alkaloids, of which liriodenine is the most abundant, have not been extensively studied from a biological standpoint. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of liriodenine in antimicrobial defense during early developmental stages in Annona diversifolia. The fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus glaucus, which are responsible for seed deterioration, were isolated during imbibition, and their antifungal activity was determined by diffusion, macrodilution, and metabolic inhibition assays using purified liriodenine and alkaloid extracts obtained from embryos, radicles, and roots at early developmental stages. The presence of liriodenine in extracts was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Purified liriodenine and alkaloidal extracts inhibited both fungi, and there was a positive relationship between extract activity and amount of liriodenine contained therein. The quantity of liriodenine present in extracts suggests its importance in controlling other phytopathogens.

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