scholarly journals Relation between leg extension power and 30-s sit-to-stand muscle power in older adults: validation and translation to functional performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Alcazar ◽  
Rikke S. Kamper ◽  
Per Aagaard ◽  
Bryan Haddock ◽  
Eva Prescott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leg Extension Power

Abstract This study aimed to assess the validity and functional relevance of a standardized procedure to assess lower limb muscle power by means of the 30-s sit-to-stand (STS) test when compared to leg extension power (LEP), traditional STS performance and handgrip strength. A total of 628 community-dwelling older subjects (60–93 years) from the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study were included. Physical performance was assessed by the 30-s STS and 10-m maximal gait speed tests. Handgrip strength and LEP were recorded by a hand-held dynamometer and the Nottingham power rig, respectively. STS muscle power was calculated using the subjects’ body mass and height, chair height and the number of repetitions completed in the 30-s STS test. We found a small albeit significant difference between LEP and unilateral STS power in older men (245.5 ± 88.8 vs. 223.4 ± 81.4 W; ES = 0.26; p < 0.05), but not in older women (135.9 ± 51.9 vs. 138.5 ± 49.6 W; ES = 0.05; p > 0.05). Notably, a large positive correlation was observed between both measures (r = 0.75; p < 0.001). Relative STS power was more strongly related with maximal gait speed than handgrip strength, repetition-based STS performance and relative LEP after adjusting for age (r = 0.53 vs 0.35–0.45; p < 0.05). In conclusion, STS power obtained from the 30-s STS test appeared to provide a valid measure of bilateral lower limb power and was more strongly related with physical performance than maximal handgrip strength, repetition-based STS performance and LEP.

scholarly journals Possible Sarcopenia and Impact of Dual-Task Exercise on Gait Speed, Handgrip Strength, Falls, and Perceived Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Aziz Merchant ◽  
Yiong Huak Chan ◽  
Richard Jor Yeong Hui ◽  
Jia Yi Lim ◽  
Sing Cheer Kwek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Community Dwelling

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive age-related loss in muscle mass and strength affecting physical performance. It is associated with many negative outcomes including falls, disability, cognitive decline, and mortality. Protein enriched diet and resistance training have shown to improve muscle strength and function but there is limited evidence on impact of dual-task exercise in possible sarcopenia.Objective: To evaluate impact of community-based dual-task exercise on muscle strength and physical function in possible sarcopenia defined by either slow gait (SG) or poor handgrip strength (HGS). The secondary aims include effect on cognition, frailty, falls, social isolation, and perceived health.Methods: Community-dwelling older adults ≥60 years old were recruited from screening program intended to identify seniors at risk, and invited to participate in dual-task exercise program called HAPPY (Healthy Aging Promotion Program for You). One hundred and eleven participants with possible sarcopenia completed 3 months follow-up. Questionnaire was administered on demographics, frailty, sarcopenia, falls, perceived health, social network, functional, and cognitive status. Physical performance included assessment of HGS, gait speed, and Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB).Results: The mean age of the Exercise group was 75.9 years old and 73.0% were women. The Exercise group had more female (73.0 vs. 47.5%), were older (75.9 vs. 72.5 years old), had higher prevalence of falls (32.4 vs. 15.0%), lower BMI (23.7 vs. 25.8), and education (4.0 vs. 7.2 years). The gait speed of the Exercise group increased significantly with significant reduction in the prevalence of SG and poor HGS. All components of SPPB as well as the total score increased significantly while the prevalence of pre-frailty and falls dropped by half. The risk of social isolation reduced by 25% with significant improvement in perceived health and cognition in the Exercise group. Significant impact on improvement gait speed and SPPB persisted after adjustment for baseline factors.Conclusion: Dual-task exercise program is effective in improving gait speed, SPPB score, and reducing the prevalence of poor HGS with significant improvement in perceived health, cognition, and reduction in falls and frailty. Future prospective randomized control trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of dual-task interventions in reversing sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Associations of sarcopenia components with physical activity and nutrition in Australian older adults performing exercise training

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Akehurst ◽  
David Scott ◽  
Juan Peña Rodriguez ◽  
Carol Alonso Gonzalez ◽  
Jasmaine Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Timed Up And Go

Abstract Background The risk of progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia, increases with age, physical inactivity and poor diet. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare associations of sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity and nutrition in older adults participating in resistance training at Helsinki University Research [HUR] and conventional gyms for over a year, once a week, on average. Methods The study looked at differences between HUR (n = 3) and conventional (n = 1) gyms. Muscle strength (via handgrip strength and chair stands), appendicular lean mass (ALM; via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and physical performance (via gait speed over a 4-m distance, short physical performance battery, timed up and go and 400-m walk tests) were evaluated in 80 community-dwelling older adults (mean ± SD 76.5 ± 6.5 years). Pearson correlations explored associations for sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity (via Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [PASE]) and nutrition (via Australian Eating Survey). Results No differences in PASE and the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) were observed between HUR and conventional gyms, however HUR gym participants had a significantly higher self-reported protein intake (108 ± 39 g vs 88 ± 27 g; p = 0.029) and a trend to have higher energy intake (9698 ± 3006 kJ vs 8266 ± 2904 kJ; p = 0.055). In both gym groups, gait speed was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (r = 0.275; p = 0.039 and r = 0.423; p = 0.044 for HUR and conventional gyms, respectively). ALM was positively associated with protein (p = 0.047, r = 0.418) and energy (p = 0.038, r = 0.435) intake in the conventional gym group. Similar associations were observed for ALM/h2 in the HUR group. None of the sarcopenia components were associated with ARFS in either gym group. Conclusion Older adults attending HUR and conventional gyms had similar self-reported function and nutrition (but not protein intake). Inadequate physical activity was associated with low gait speed and inadequate nutrition and low protein ingestion associated with low lean mas, even in older adults participating in exercise programs. Optimal physical activity and nutrition are important for maintaining muscle mass and function in older adults.

scholarly journals Performance on sit-to-stand tests in relation to measures of functional fitness and sarcopenia diagnosis in community-dwelling older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyang Sherman Yee ◽  
Yee Sien Ng ◽  
John Carson Allen ◽  
Aisyah Latib ◽  
Ee Ling Tay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Background The sit-to-stand (STS) test has been deployed as surrogate measures of strength or physical performance in sarcopenia diagnosis. This study examines the relationship of two common STS variants – Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5TSTS) and 30 s Chair Stand Test (30CST) – with grip strength, muscle mass and functional measures, and their impact on sarcopenia prevalence in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of 887 community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years. Participants completed a battery of physical fitness tests - 5TSTS, 30CST, grip strength, gait speed, Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) for dynamic balance and six-minute walk test (6MWT) for cardiorespiratory endurance. Muscle mass was measured using multi-frequency segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We performed correlation analysis between STS performance and other fitness measures and muscle mass, followed by multiple linear regression for the independent determinants of STS performance. Results Mean participant age was 67.3±7 years, with female predominance (72.9%). STS tests exhibited weak correlations with grip strength (30CST, r = 0.290; 5TSTS, r = − 0.242; both p< 0.01), and stronger correlations with gait speed (30CST, r = 0.517; 5TSTS, r = − 0.533; both p< 0.01), endurance (30CST, r = 0.558; 5TSTS, r = − 0.531; both p < 0.01) and dynamic balance (30CST, r = − 0.501; 5TSTS, r = 0.646; both p< 0.01). Muscle mass correlated with grip strength but not STS. In multiple regression analysis, all fitness measures were independently associated with 30CST performance. Performance in both STS tests remained independent of muscle mass. There was no significant difference in prevalence of possible sarcopenia diagnosis using grip strength or STS (30CST, 25.0%; 5TSTS, 22.1%; grip strength, 22.3%; p = 0.276). When both measures are used, prevalence is significantly higher (42.0%; p = 0.276). Prevalence of confirmed sarcopenia with inclusion of muscle mass was significantly lower using STS compared with grip strength (30CST, 4.6%; 5TSTS, 4.1% vs. grip strength, 7.1%; p< 0.05). Conclusion In the sarcopenia construct, STS tests better represents muscle physical performance rather than muscle strength. Different subsets of population with possible sarcopenia are identified depending on the test used. The lack of association of STS performance with muscle mass results in a lower prevalence of confirmed sarcopenia compared with grip strength, but may better reflect changes in muscle quality.

scholarly journals Associations of Sarcopenia Components With Physical Activity and Nutrition in Australian Older Adults Performing Exercise Training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Akehurst ◽  
David Scott ◽  
Juan Peña Rodriguez ◽  
Carol Alonso Gonzalez ◽  
Jasmaine Alyce Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Abstract Background: The risk of progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia, increases with age, physical inactivity and poor diet. The purpose of this study was to explore associations of sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity and nutrition in older adults participating in resistance training at conventional or Helsinki University Research [HUR] gyms. Methods: Muscle strength (via handgrip strength and chair stands), appendicular lean mass [ALM] (via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and physical performance (via gait speed over a 4-metre distance, short physical performance battery, timed up and go and 400-metre walk tests) were evaluated in a cohort study of 80 community-dwelling older adults (mean±SD 76.5B6.5 years). Pearson correlations explored associations for sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity (via Physical Activity Scale for Elderly [PASE]) and nutrition (via Australian Eating Survey), with higher scores indicative of greater physical activity levels and better nutrition, respectively. Results: No differences in PASE were observed between HUR and conventional gyms, however HUR gym participants had a significantly higher self-reported protein intake and a trend (p = 0.055) to have higher energy intake. In both gym groups, gait speed was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (r = 0.275; p = 0.039 and r = 0.423; p = 0.044 for HUR and conventional gyms, respectively). ALM was positively associated with protein (p = 0.047, r = 0.418) and energy (p = 0.038, r = 0.435) intake in the conventional gym group. Similar associations were observed for ALM/h2 in the HUR group. None of the sarcopenia components were associated with the Australian Recommended Food Score (derived from the Australian Eating Survey) in either gym group.

OBESITY DEFINITIONS IN SARCOPENIC OBESITY: DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE, AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION WITH MUSCLE FUNCTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
E.Q. Khor ◽  
J.P. Lim ◽  
L. Tay ◽  
A. Yeo ◽  
S. Yew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Consensus Definition ◽  
The Impact

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with poorer physical performance in the elderly and will increase in relevance with population ageing and the obesity epidemic. The lack of a consensus definition for SO has resulted in variability in its reported prevalence, poor inter-definitional agreement, and disagreement on its impact on physical performance, impeding further development in the field. While sarcopenia definitions have been compared, the impact of obesity definitions in SO has been less well-studied. Objectives: To compare 3 widely-adopted definitions of obesity in terms of SO prevalence, inter-definitional agreement, and association with muscle function. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: GERILABS study, Singapore Participants: 200 community-dwelling, functionally-independent older adults. Measurements: We utilized three commonly-used definitions of obesity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and DXA-derived fat mass percentage (FM%). Sarcopenia was defined using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. For muscle function, we assessed handgrip strength, gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Subjects were classified into 4 body composition phenotypes (normal, obese, sarcopenic and SO), and outcomes were compared between groups. Results: The prevalence rate for SO was lowest for BMI (0.5%) compared to FM% (10.0%) and WC (10.5%). Inter-definitional agreement was lowest between BMI and WC (κ=0.364), and at best moderate between FM% and WC (κ=0.583). SO performed the worst amongst body composition phenotypes in handgrip strength, gait speed and SPPB (all p<0.01) only when defined using WC. In regression analyses, SO was associated with decreased SPPB scores (β=-0.261, p=0.001) only for the WC definition. Conclusion: There is large variation in the prevalence of SO across different obesity definitions, with low-to-moderate agreement between them. Our results corroborate recent evidence that WC, and thus central obesity, is best associated with poorer muscle function in SO. Thus, WC should be further explored in defining obesity for accurate and early characterization of SO among older adults in Asian populations.

Gender-Related Differences in Physical Performance among Seniors

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Musselman ◽  
Brenda Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Balance Confidence ◽  
Limits Of Stability ◽  
Gender Specific

This study examined gender differences in balance, gait, and muscle performance in seniors and identified gender-specific factors contributing to physical performance. Forty (20 men, 20 women) healthy, community-dwelling seniors (74.5 ± 5.3 years) participated. Limits of stability, gait speed, lower limb flexor and extensor isokinetic concentric peak torques, self-reported activity level, and balance confidence were measured. No gender differences were detected in gait speed, limits of stability when normalized to height, activity level, or balance confidence (p≥ .188). Women were weaker than men (p≤ .007), even after controlling for weight and body-mass index, suggesting that other gender-related factors contribute to strength. Gender accounted for 18–46% of the variance in strength and served as a modifier of the relationship between activity level and strength in some muscle groups. The primary factors relating to gender-specific strength was activity level in men and body weight in women.

GAIT SPEED AND HANDGRIP STRENGTH AS PREDICTORS OF INCIDENT DISABILITY IN MEXICAN OLDER ADULTS

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
T. LOPEZ-TEROS ◽  
L.M. GUTIERREZ-ROBLEDO ◽  
M.U. PEREZ-ZEPEDA
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
One Year

Physical performance tests are associated with different adverse outcomes in older people. Theobjective of this study was to test the association between handgrip strength and gait speed with incidentdisability in community-dwelling, well-functioning, Mexican older adults (age ≥70 years). Incident disability wasdefined as the onset of any difficulty in basic or instrumental activities of daily living. Of a total of 133participants, 52.6% (n=70) experienced incident disability during one year of follow-up. Significant associationsof handgrip strength (odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.93-0.99) and gait speed (OR0.27, 95%CI 0.07-0.99) with incident disability were reported. The inclusion of covariates in the models reducedthe statistical significance of the associations without substantially modifying the magnitude of them. Handgripstrength and gait speed are independently associated with incident disability in Mexican older adults.

Association between Circulating Osteoprogenitor Cells and Sarcopenia

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al Saedi ◽  
Steven Phu ◽  
Sara Vogrin ◽  
Piumali Gunawardene ◽  
Gustavo Duque
Keyword(s):  
Gait Speed ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Circulating osteoprogenitor (COP) cells are a surrogate of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with high levels observed in osteoporosis and the initial stages of fracture healing. Conversely, a low percentage of COP cells (%COP) is strongly associated with frailty and disability. However, it is unknown whether %COP is associated with sarcopenia, a musculoskeletal disease closely related to frailty. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study sought to determine the associations between %COP and sarcopenia defined using the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) criteria. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data from a random sample of 73 community-dwelling older persons enrolled in the Nepean Osteoporosis and Frailty study (median age 74 years; 60% female) were analyzed. %COP was quantified by flow cytometry using selective gating of CD45/osteocalcin (OCN) + cells. Sarcopenia was defined using handgrip strength and gait speed with cut points as per the SDOC criteria. Linear regression was used for analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Sarcopenia was identified in 19% of participants, all of whom were frail. After adjusting for age, sex, and interleukin 6, sarcopenic participants had 36% lower %COP (95% confidence interval [CI] −56%, −6%, <i>p =</i> 0.024). Both grip strength and gait speed showed associations with %COP (<i>p =</i> 0.065 and 0.002, respectively); however, after adjusting for age and frailty, only gait speed remained associated with %COP (0.1 m/s increase in gait velocity was associated with a 5% increase in %COP cells (95% CI 0%, 10%, <i>p =</i> 0.052). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> High levels of %COP are associated with better muscle function. Future longitudinal studies are required to elucidate the clinical utility of %COP as a potential biomarker or disease stratifier for sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity Using Different Definitions and the Relationship With Strength and Physical Performance in the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Purcell ◽  
Michelle Mackenzie ◽  
Thiago G. Barbosa-Silva ◽  
Isabelle J. Dionne ◽  
Sunita Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes

Sarcopenic obesity is associated with several negative health outcomes. However, the prevalence of this condition – and the relationship to physical performance parameters – varies across definitions. The aim of this cross-sectional investigation was to describe the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity using different published definitions and their relationship with handgrip strength and walking speed in older Canadian adults. Individuals aged 65+ in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (n = 11,803; 49.6% male, 50.4% female) were included. Body composition was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenic obesity was defined using 29 definitions. Low handgrip strength was identified as &lt; 27 kg in males and &lt; 16 kg in females and poor physical performance was defined as gait speed ≤ 0.8 m/s. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 0.1 to 85.3% in males, and from 0 to 80.4% in females. Sarcopenic obesity was frequently associated with low handgrip strength (p &lt; 0.05) in both males (14/17 definitions, 82.4%) and females (21/29 definitions, 72.4%). In very few definitions, sarcopenic obesity was associated with slow gait speed (males: 1/17 definitions [6.7%]; females: 2/29 [6.9%]). In conclusion, the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity varied greatly according to definitions and sarcopenic obesity was frequently associated with low handgrip strength.

scholarly journals Inflammatory markers, sarcopenia and its diagnostic criteria among the elderly: a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mello de Mattos Margutti ◽  
Natielen Jacques Schuch ◽  
Carla Helena Augustin Schwanke
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
European Working

Abstract Objective: To identify the relationship between inflammatory markers and sarcopenia, and the diagnostic criteria of the condition among the elderly. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the consultation of the PubMed and LILACS databases. Eligible original articles were those involving individuals aged 60 years or more, which investigated sarcopenia [low muscle mass (MM) associated with poor muscle strength and/or reduced physical performance, according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People consensus (EWGSOP)] or its diagnostic criteria, published in English or Portuguese, between 2010-2015. Results: Four articles were included in the review, the principle results of which were: the growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) exhibited a negative correlation with MM, handgrip strength and gait speed; the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) correlated positively with MM; follistatin exhibited a weak correlation with physical performance; activin A and myostatin did not correlate with the diagnostic criteria; the highest tercile of extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72) was associated with lower median levels of MM, handgrip strength and gait speed; elderly persons with low MM had higher serum ferritin concentrations; women with low MM exhibited lower serum concentration levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Conclusion: the six investigated inflammatory markers (GDF-15, IGF-1, follistatin, eHsp72, ferritin and CRP) were associated with the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, but not with sarcopenia itself. As research in this area is still developing, additional studies are required to broaden knowledge and eventually establish the role of these markers in the diagnosis and management of sarcopenia.

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