scholarly journals Poor numerical performance of guppies tested in a Skinner box

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Gatto ◽  
Alberto Testolin ◽  
Angelo Bisazza ◽  
Marco Zorzi ◽  
Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Numerical Competence ◽  
Numerosity Discrimination ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Naturalistic Setting ◽  
Numerical Performance ◽  
Skinner Box

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that part of the gap in numerical competence between fish and warm-blooded vertebrates might be related to the more efficient procedures (e.g. automated conditioning chambers) used to investigate the former and could be filled by adopting an adapted version of the Skinner box in fish. We trained guppies in a visual numerosity discrimination task, featuring two difficulty levels (3 vs. 5 and 3 vs. 4) and three conditions of congruency between numerical and non-numerical cues. Unexpectedly, guppies trained with the automated device showed a much worse performance compared to previous investigations employing more “ecological” procedures. Statistical analysis indicated that the guppies overall chose the correct stimulus more often than chance; however, their average accuracy did not exceed 60% correct responses. Learning measured as performance improvement over training was significant only for the stimuli with larger numerical difference. Additionally, the target numerosity was selected more often than chance level only for the set of stimuli in which area and number were fully congruent. Re-analysis of prior studies indicate that the gap between training with the Skinner box and with a naturalistic setting was present only for numerical discriminations, but not for colour and shape discriminations. We suggest that applying automated conditioning chambers to fish might increase cognitive load and therefore interfere with achievement of numerosity discriminations.

Abrasive Wear: Design of Experiment (DOE) for Determining the Wear on Crowns Used by Drilling Companies for Mineral Surveys

2013 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Zirlene Alves da Silva Santos ◽  
Jefferson Januário Mendes ◽  
Adilson Rodrigues da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Design Of Experiment ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Controllable Factors

Currently companies seek performance improvement for equipment and components, and an important factor that influences performance is wear. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of a methodology that was developed using literature, field research, brainstorming, optical microscopy, statistical analysis.Wear tests for drilling crown samplesfor the production process were performed. - The crown’s chemical composition was analyzed to see if it was appropriate for the soil’s mineral lithology. Having done this, a statistical analysis was made. using Minitab 16 software, specifically applying DOE (2Kfactorial) technique. With the statistical result, a prototype was produced and subjected to a wear test for analysis of material loss compared to crowns having a better performance.Thus, the conclusion reached was that the planning process improves withthis experimental probing, which helps to identify and correct controllable factors.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Movie Shot Classification Based on Semantic Segmentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3390
Author(s):  
Hui-Yong Bak ◽  
Seung-Bo Park
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Shot Classification ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Shot Type ◽  
Type Classification

The shot-type decision is a very important pre-task in movie analysis due to the vast information, such as the emotion, psychology of the characters, and space information, from the shot type chosen. In order to analyze a variety of movies, a technique that automatically classifies shot types is required. Previous shot type classification studies have classified shot types by the proportion of the face on-screen or using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Studies that have classified shot types by the proportion of the face on-screen have not classified the shot if a person is not on the screen. A CNN classifies shot types even in the absence of a person on the screen, but there are certain shots that cannot be classified because instead of semantically analyzing the image, the method classifies them only by the characteristics and patterns of the image. Therefore, additional information is needed to access the image semantically, which can be done through semantic segmentation. Consequently, in the present study, the performance of shot type classification was improved by preprocessing the semantic segmentation of the frame extracted from the movie. Semantic segmentation approaches the images semantically and distinguishes the boundary relationships among objects. The representative technologies of semantic segmentation include Mask R-CNN and Yolact. A study was conducted to compare and evaluate performance using these as pretreatments for shot type classification. As a result, the average accuracy of shot type classification using a frame preprocessed with semantic segmentation increased by 1.9%, from 93% to 94.9%, when compared with shot type classification using the frame without such preprocessing. In particular, when using ResNet-50 and Yolact, the classification of shot type showed a 3% performance improvement (to 96% accuracy from 93%).

scholarly journals Eye Movement Indices of Post-Saccadic Task Under Cognitive Load: A Path Analysis to Predict Individual’s Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Salehi Fadardi ◽  
Javad Salehi Fadardi ◽  
Monireh Mahjoob ◽  
Hassan Doosti
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Pathway Models ◽  
Response Errors ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
And Task

Abstract Purpose: The evidence on the linear relationship between cognitive load, saccade, fixation, and task performance was uncertain. We tested pathway models for degraded task performance resulting from changes in saccadic and post-saccadic fixation under cognitive load. Methods: Participants' (n = 38) eye movements were recorded using a post-saccadic discrimination task without and with arithmetic operations to impose cognitive load, validated through recording heart rate variability and subjective measurement. Results: Results showed that cognitive load led to longer latencies of saccade and fixation; more inaccurate responses and fewer secondary saccades (P<0.001). Longer saccade latencies influenced task performance indirectly via increases in fixation latency, thereby, longer reaction times and higher response errors were observed due to limited fixation duration on desired target. Conclusion: We suggest that latency and duration of fixation indicate efficiency of information processing and can predict the speed and accuracy of task performance under cognitive load.

scholarly journals Characterising ontogeny of numerosity discrimination in zebrafish reveals use of multiple, numerical and non- numerical mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Sheardown ◽  
Jose Vicente Torres-Perez ◽  
Sofia Anagianni ◽  
Scott E. Fraser ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Numerical Competence ◽  
Numerosity Discrimination ◽  
Number Cognition ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
Size Preference ◽  
Symbolic Number

AbstractNon-symbolic number cognition based on an approximate sense of magnitude has been documented in adult zebrafish. Here we investigated the ontogeny of this ability using a group size preference task in juvenile zebrafish. Fish showed group size preference from 26 days post fertilization (dpf) and from 27 dpf fish reliably chose the larger group when presented with discrimination ratios from 1:8 to 2:3. When the ratio between the number of conspecifics in each group was maintained at 1:2, fish could discriminate between 1 vs. 2 individuals and 3 vs. 6, but not when given a choice between 2 vs. 4 individuals. These findings suggest that the systems involved in numerosity representation in fish do not operate separately from other cognitive mechanisms. Rather they suggest numerosity processing is the result of an interplay between attentional, cognitive and memory-related mechanisms that orchestrate numerical competence both in humans and animals. Our results emphasise the potential of the use of zebrafish to explore the genetic and neural processes underlying the ontogeny of number cognition.

Statistical analysis of classification

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
T. J. Deeming
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Amount Of Information

If we make a set of measurements, such as narrow-band or multicolour photo-electric measurements, which are designed to improve a scheme of classification, and in particular if they are designed to extend the number of dimensions of classification, i.e. the number of classification parameters, then some important problems of analytical procedure arise. First, it is important not to reproduce the errors of the classification scheme which we are trying to improve. Second, when trying to extend the number of dimensions of classification we have little or nothing with which to test the validity of the new parameters.Problems similar to these have occurred in other areas of scientific research (notably psychology and education) and the branch of Statistics called Multivariate Analysis has been developed to deal with them. The techniques of this subject are largely unknown to astronomers, but, if carefully applied, they should at the very least ensure that the astronomer gets the maximum amount of information out of his data and does not waste his time looking for information which is not there. More optimistically, these techniques are potentially capable of indicating the number of classification parameters necessary and giving specific formulas for computing them, as well as pinpointing those particular measurements which are most crucial for determining the classification parameters.

Quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging developed as a new tool in AEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1202-1203
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Botton ◽  
Gilles L'espérance
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
Spectrum Imaging

As interest for parallel EELS spectrum imaging grows in laboratories equipped with commercial spectrometers, different approaches were used in recent years by a few research groups in the development of the technique of spectrum imaging as reported in the literature. Either by controlling, with a personal computer both the microsope and the spectrometer or using more powerful workstations interfaced to conventional multichannel analysers with commercially available programs to control the microscope and the spectrometer, spectrum images can now be obtained. Work on the limits of the technique, in terms of the quantitative performance was reported, however, by the present author where a systematic study of artifacts detection limits, statistical errors as a function of desired spatial resolution and range of chemical elements to be studied in a map was carried out The aim of the present paper is to show an application of quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging where statistical analysis is performed at each pixel and interpretation is carried out using criteria established from the statistical analysis and variations in composition are analyzed with the help of information retreived from t/γ maps so that artifacts are avoided.

Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

Stimulus Ratio Effects on Speech Discrimination by Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Adults And Children

This investigation examined the response strategies and discrimination accuracy of adults and children aged 5–10 as the ratio of same to different trials was varied across three conditions of a “change/no-change” discrimination task. The conditions varied as follows: (a) a ratio of one-third same to two-thirds different trials (33% same), (b) an equal ratio of same to different trials (50% same), and (c) a ratio of two-thirds same to one-third different trials (67% same). Stimuli were synthetic consonant-vowel syllables that changed along a place of articulation dimension by formant frequency transition. Results showed that all subjects changed their response strategies depending on the ratio of same-to-different trials. The most lax response pattern was observed for the 50% same condition, and the most conservative pattern was observed for the 67% same condition. Adult response patterns were most conservative across condition. Differences in discrimination accuracy as measured by P(C) were found, with the largest difference in the 5- to 6-year-old group and the smallest change in the adult group. These findings suggest that children’s response strategies, like those of adults, can be manipulated by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials. Furthermore, interpretation of sensitivity measures must be referenced to task variables such as the ratio of same-to-different trials.

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