scholarly journals How the known reference weakens the visual oblique effect: a Bayesian account of cognitive improvement by cue influence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renyu Ye ◽  
Xinsheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Reference Line ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Human Visual Perception ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Bayesian Least Squares ◽  
Bayesian Inference Framework ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThis paper investigates the influence of a known cue on the oblique effect in orientation identification and explains how subjects integrate cue information to identify target orientations. We design the psychophysical task in which subjects estimate target orientations in the presence of a known oriented reference line. For comparison the control experiments without the reference are conducted. Under Bayesian inference framework, a cue integration model is proposed to explain the perceptual improvement in the presence of the reference. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of our model are obtained. In the presence of the reference, the variability and biases of identification are significantly reduced and the oblique effect of orientation identification is obviously weakened. Moreover, the identification of orientation in the vicinity of the reference line is consistently biased away from the reference line (i.e., reference repulsion). Comparing the predictions of the model with the experimental results, the Bayesian Least Squares estimator under the Variable-Precision encoding (BLS_VP) provides a better description of the experimental outcomes and captures the trade-off relationship of bias and precision of identification. Our results provide a useful step toward a better understanding of human visual perception in context of the known cues.

scholarly journals Retail Business and the Freight Industry in Shanxi Province of China: an Empirical study of Interactive Relationship

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
Huiqiong Ding
Keyword(s):  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Retail Business ◽  
Stationary Test ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Relationship Of

The fate of the retailing industry is related to the freight industry of a country. In order to enhance the pulling power that the retailing has to the freight industry, this research investigated the interactive relationship of retailing and freight industry in Shanxi Province of China. Using the software Eviews 5.0®, a Co-integration Model was proposed. Evaluation of the validity of the model, using the Stationary Test, Granger Causality Test and Error Correction, proved that the model proposed had the ability to repair itself. Using the model to explain the relationship between retailing and freight results further revealed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, this study proved that in order to enhance the pulling power that retailing has to freight industry, there is a need to pay attention to the final consumption, to support retailing and to speed up the urbanization construction.

Statistically Optimal Multisensory Cue Integration: A Practical Tutorial

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 279-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Rohde ◽  
Loes C. J. van Dam ◽  
Marc O. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Matlab Toolbox ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Matlab Code ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Rules Of Thumb ◽  
Multisensory Information

Humans combine redundant multisensory estimates into a coherent multimodal percept. Experiments in cue integration have shown for many modality pairs and perceptual tasks that multisensory information is fused in a statistically optimal manner: observers take the unimodal sensory reliability into consideration when performing perceptual judgments. They combine the senses according to the rules of Maximum Likelihood Estimation to maximize overall perceptual precision. This tutorial explains in an accessible manner how to design optimal cue integration experiments and how to analyse the results from these experiments to test whether humans follow the predictions of the optimal cue integration model. The tutorial is meant for novices in multisensory integration and requires very little training in formal models and psychophysical methods. For each step in the experimental design and analysis, rules of thumb and practical examples are provided. We also publish Matlab code for an example experiment on cue integration and a Matlab toolbox for data analysis that accompanies the tutorial online. This way, readers can learn about the techniques by trying them out themselves. We hope to provide readers with the tools necessary to design their own experiments on optimal cue integration and enable them to take part in explaining when, why and how humans combine multisensory information optimally.

scholarly journals SISTEM RANTAI PASOK TUNA LOIN DI PERAIRAN MALUKU (Supply Chain System of Tuna Loin in Maluku Waters)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Arinto Kuncoro Jati ◽  
Tri Wiji Nurani ◽  
Budhi H. Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Operation Pattern ◽  
Quality Control Process ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Fishing operation pattern in Maluku waters are highly dependent on natural conditions and others supporting technical factors such as fuel supply and other operational capital which generally unstructured and unmeasureable fishing operation management pattern. One important factor in determining quality control process is supplying-chain factor, i.e. loin tuna distribution which ranging from fish hooked on the ship until the receiving product by the consumer. The objectives of this study is to describe loin tuna supply chain system in Maluku. The supply chain was analyzed by using black box diagram system approach and market integration model used to identify a valuate the relationship of each supply chain component with destined market. The results showed that there is no market integration between Japanese markets and Maluku, but there is long term cooperation between American market and Maluku.</p><p>Keywords: tuna loin, supply chain,market integration, Maluku</p><p>-------</p><p><br />ABSTRAK</p><p>Pola penangkapan ikan tuna oleh nelayan di perairan Maluku sangat bergantung pada faktor kondisi alam dan teknis pendukung operasi penangkapan, seperti ketersediaan bahan bakar serta modal operasional. Hal ini berarti secara umum nelayan belum memiliki pola manajemen operasi penangkapan yang terstruktur dan terukur. Salah satu faktor yang sangat berperan dalam penentuan proses pengendalian mutu adalah rantai pasok (supply chain), yaitu proses distribusi barang (tuna loin) mulai dari produksi ikan di atas kapal hingga produk dikonsumsi oleh konsumen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisa sistem rantai pasok pada produk tuna loin di Maluku. Analisis rantai pasok (supply chain) dengan pendekatan deskriptif dan model integrasi pasar digunakan untuk mengidentifikasikan sistem rantai pasok dan melihat seberapa jauh hubungan masing-masing elemen rantai pasok dengan pasar tujuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terjadi integrasi antara pasar Jepang dengan Maluku, sedangkan pasar Amerika dan Maluku terintegrasi dalam jangka panjang.</p><p><br />Kata kunci: tuna loin, rantai pasok (supply chain), integrasi pasar, Maluku</p>

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Posterior Interosseous Nerve to the Supinator Muscle in the Dorsal Approach to the Proximal Radius: A Descriptive and Quantitative Anatomic Study of Filipino Cadavers

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Reyes ◽  
Phillip Anthony B. Kho ◽  
Edward H.M. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Line ◽  
Posterior Interosseous Nerve ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Anatomic Landmarks ◽  
Dorsal Approach ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Proximal Radius ◽  
Supinator Muscle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of

Background and Objective. The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is vulnerable to injury in the dorsal approach to the proximal radius. The goal of this study is to describe the quantitative relationship of the PIN to the supinator muscle in the context of anatomic landmarks. Knowledge of superficial landmarks related to the PIN would hopefully minimize iatrogenic injury to the posterior interosseous nerve. Methods. 12 cadavers (22 forearms) were dissected and analyzed. The length of the supinator muscle was determined. The oblique distances of the PIN entry and exit points to the proximal and distal borders of the supinator muscle as well as their perpendicular distances to the lateral epicondyle-Lister’s tubercle (LE-LT) reference line were measured and recorded. The number of PIN branches inside the supinator substance was recorded. Mean and median values were determined and subjected to statistical analysis. Results. Mean supinator length was 5 centimeters. Ninety-one percent of the cadaveric forearms had PIN branches inside the supinator muscle substance. Twelve of the 22 forearms (55%) had 2 branches. The mean oblique distances of the PIN from the lateral epicondyle to the entry and exit points in the proximal and distal borders of the supinator muscle was 3.52 and 7.31 centimeters, respectively. The mean perpendicular distances of the PIN from LE-LT reference line to the entry and exit points in the proximal and distal borders of the supinator muscle was 1.13 and 1.26 centimeters, respectively. An imaginary danger-zone 4 centimeters wide overlying the LE-LT reference line depicts the possible area where the PIN and its branches may most likely be located. Conclusion. The dorsal approach to the proximal radius may allow a safe exposure without causing iatrogenic injury to the posterior interosseous nerve through the use of superficial anatomic landmarks and reference lines in combination with mean measurements from our study. Key

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON THE IMPROVED IMAGE TRACKING ALGORITHM OF ATHLETES’ CERVICAL HEALTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480
Author(s):  
Jingjing Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Reference Line ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
Cervical Motion ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Objective: With the increasing number and youth of patients with cervical spondylosis, people pay more and more attention to the cervical spine. Early diagnosis, intervention and treatment play an important role in the recovery of cervical spondylosis. With the continuous development of computer technology, the improvement of various modeling theories, and the application of image processing methods in orthopedics, new ideas are opened to observe cervical vertebra motion health. Methods: In this paper, the measurement of cervical motion is achieved by machine vision. A method of parameter measurement based on the constraint relationship of lower cervical motion is proposed. Based on image preprocessing, the left edge of the cervical vertebra was extracted and analyzed. Results: With the horizontal coordinate of registration point as the reference line, the changing trend of the angle between the left edge curve and the reference line of C4 and C5 vertebrae in the process of spontaneous flexion and extension of the cervical vertebrae was observed, and the movement rate of the cervical vertebrae was analyzed. Conclusions: It was found that the speed of the cervical vertebrae in the process of movement of the patients with cervical spondylosis showed jumping changes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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