Acceleration predicts energy expenditure in a fat, flightless, diving bird

AbstractEnergy drives behaviour and life history decisions, yet it can be hard to measure at fine scales in free-moving animals. Accelerometry has proven a powerful tool to estimate energy expenditure, but requires calibration in the wild. This can be difficult in some environments, or for particular behaviours, and validations have produced equivocal results in some species, particularly air-breathing divers. It is, therefore, important to calibrate accelerometry across different behaviours to understand the most parsimonious way to estimate energy expenditure in free-living conditions. Here, we combine data from miniaturised acceleration loggers on 58 free-living Adélie penguins with doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements of their energy expenditure over several days. Across different behaviours, both in water and on land, dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of independently measured DLW-derived energy expenditure (R2 = 0.72). The most parsimonious model suggested different calibration coefficients are required to predict behaviours on land versus foraging behaviour in water (R2 = 0.75). Our results show that accelerometry can be used to reliably estimate energy expenditure in penguins, and we provide calibration equations for estimating metabolic rate across several behaviours in the wild.

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Accelerometry predicts daily energy expenditure in a bird with high activity levels

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2012.0919 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 20120919 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Kyle H. Elliott ◽

Maryline Le Vaillant ◽

Akiko Kato ◽

John R. Speakman ◽

Yan Ropert-Coudert

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Energy Costs ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

Uria Lomvia ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Daily Energy ◽

In The Wild ◽

Parsimonious Model

Animal ecology is shaped by energy costs, yet it is difficult to measure fine-scale energy expenditure in the wild. Because metabolism is often closely correlated with mechanical work, accelerometers have the potential to provide detailed information on energy expenditure of wild animals over fine temporal scales. Nonetheless, accelerometry needs to be validated on wild animals, especially across different locomotory modes. We merged data collected on 20 thick-billed murres ( Uria lomvia ) from miniature accelerometers with measurements of daily energy expenditure over 24 h using doubly labelled water. Across three different locomotory modes (swimming, flying and movement on land), dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of daily energy expenditure as measured independently by doubly labelled water ( R 2 = 0.73). The most parsimonious model suggested that different equations were needed to predict energy expenditure from accelerometry for flying than for surface swimming or activity on land ( R 2 = 0.81). Our results demonstrate that accelerometers can provide an accurate integrated measure of energy expenditure in wild animals using many different locomotory modes.

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Evaluations of Actiheart, IDEEA® and RT3 monitors for estimating activity energy expenditure in free-living women

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2013.18 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marie Löf ◽

Hanna Henriksson ◽

Elisabet Forsum

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Further Development ◽

Activity Energy ◽

Free Living Conditions

AbstractActivity energy expenditure (AEE) during free-living conditions can be assessed using devices based on different principles. To make proper comparisons of different devices' capacities to assess AEE, they should be evaluated in the same population. Thus, in the present study we evaluated, in the same group of subjects, the ability of three devices to assess AEE in groups and individuals during free-living conditions. In twenty women, AEE was assessed using RT3 (three-axial accelerometry) (AEERT3), Actiheart (a combination of heart rate and accelerometry) (AEEActi) and IDEEA (a multi-accelerometer system) (AEEIDEEA). Reference AEE (AEEref) was assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Average AEEActi was 5760 kJ per 24 h and not significantly different from AEEref (5020 kJ per 24 h). On average, AEERT3 and AEEIDEEA were 2010 and 1750 kJ per 24 h lower than AEEref, respectively (P < 0·001). The limits of agreement (± 2 sd) were 2940 (Actiheart), 1820 (RT3) and 2650 (IDEEA) kJ per 24 h. The variance for AEERT3 was lower than for AEEActi (P = 0·006). The RT3 classified 60 % of the women in the correct activity category while the corresponding value for IDEEA and Actiheart was 30 %. In conclusion, the Actiheart may be useful for groups and the RT3 for individuals while the IDEEA requires further development. The results are likely to be relevant for a large proportion of Western women of reproductive age and demonstrate that the procedure selected to assess physical activity can greatly influence the possibilities to uncover important aspects regarding interactions between physical activity, diet and health.

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Estimating energy expenditure from wrist and thigh accelerometry in free-living adults: a doubly labelled water study

10.1101/370247 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tom White ◽

Kate Westgate ◽

Stefanie Hollidge ◽

Michelle Venables ◽

Patrick Olivier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Mean Squared Error ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Population Level ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Free Living Conditions

AbstractBackgroundMany large studies have implemented wrist or thigh accelerometry to capture physical activity, but the accuracy of these measurements to infer Activity Energy Expenditure (AEE) and consequently Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of acceleration intensity at wrist and thigh sites as estimates of AEE and TEE under free-living conditions using a gold-standard criterion.MethodsMeasurements for 193 UK adults (105 men, 88 women, aged 40-66 years, BMI 20.4-36.6 kg·m-2) were collected with triaxial accelerometers worn on the dominant wrist, non-dominant wrist and thigh in free-living conditions for 9-14 days. In a subsample (50 men, 50 women) TEE was simultaneously assessed with doubly labelled water (DLW). AEE was estimated from non-dominant wrist using an established estimation model, and novel models were derived for dominant wrist and thigh in the non-DLW subsample. Agreement with both AEE and TEE from DLW was evaluated by mean bias, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation.ResultsMean TEE and AEE derived from DLW was 11.6 (2.3) MJ·day-1 and 49.8 (16.3) kJ·day-1·kg-1. Dominant and non-dominant wrist acceleration were highly correlated in free-living (r=0.93), but less so with thigh (r=0.73 and 0.66, respectively). Estimates of AEE were 48.6 (11.8) kJ·day-1·kg-1 from dominant wrist, 48.6 (12.3) from non-dominant wrist, and 46.0 (10.1) from thigh; these agreed strongly with AEE (RMSE ~12.2 kJ·day-1·kg-1, r ~0.71) with small mean biases at the population level (~6%). Only the thigh estimate bias was statistically significantly different from the criterion. When combining these AEE estimates with estimated REE, agreement was stronger with the criterion (RMSE ~1.0 MJ·day-1, r ~0.90). Conclusions: In UK adults, acceleration measured at either wrist or thigh can be used to estimate population levels of AEE and TEE in free-living conditions with high precision.

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Energy expenditure of free-living reindeer estimated by the doubly labelled water method

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.20.4.1516 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 20 (2-3) ◽

pp. 211 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Geir Gotaas ◽

Eric Milne ◽

Paul Haggarty ◽

Nicholas J.C. Tyler

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Water Flux ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Wild Ungulates ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Svalbard Reindeer ◽

Mountain Pasture ◽

The Mean

The doubly labelled water (DLW) method was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) in three male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) aged 22 months in winter (February) while the animals were living unrestricted at natural mountain pasture in northern Norway (69°20'N). The concentrations of 2H and l8O were measured in water extracted from samples of faeces collecred from the animals 0.4 and 11.2 days after injection of the isotopes. Calculated rates of water flux and CO2-production were adjusted to compensate for estimated losses of 2H in faecal solids and in methane produced by microbial fermentation of forage in the rumen. The mean specific TEE in the three animals was 3.057 W.kg-1 (range 2.436 - 3.728 W.kg1). This value is 64% higher than TEE measured by the DLW method in four captive, non-pregnant adult female reindeer in winter and probably mainly reflects higher levels of locomotor activity in the free-living animals. Previous estimates of TEE in free-living Rangifer in winter based on factorial models range from 3.038 W.kg-1 in female woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) to 1.813 W.kg-1 in female Svalbard reindeer (R. t. platyrhynchus). Thus, it seems that existing factorial models are unlikely to overestimate TEE in reindeer/caribou: they may, instead, be unduly conservative. While the present study serves as a general validation of the factorial approach, we suggest that the route to progress in the understanding of field energetics in wild ungulates is via application of the DLW method.

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Review of Prediction Models to Estimate Activity-Related Energy Expenditure in Children and Adolescents

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2010/489304 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Suzanne M. de Graauw ◽

Janke F. de Groot ◽

Marco van Brussel ◽

Marjolein F. Streur ◽

Tim Takken

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Accurate Estimate ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Triaxial Accelerometer ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water

Purpose. To critically review the validity of accelerometry-based prediction models to estimate activity energy expenditure (AEE) in children and adolescents.Methods. The CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were development or validation of an accelerometer-based prediction model for the estimation of AEE in healthy children or adolescents (6–18 years), criterion measure: indirect calorimetry, or doubly labelled water, and language: Dutch, English or German.Results. Nine studies were included. Median methodological quality was5.5±2.0 IR (out of a maximum 10 points). Prediction models combining heart rate and counts explained 86–91% of the variance in measured AEE. A prediction model based on a triaxial accelerometer explained 90%. Models derived during free-living explained up to 45%.Conclusions. Accelerometry-based prediction models may provide an accurate estimate of AEE in children on a group level. Best results are retrieved when the model combines accelerometer counts with heart rate or when a triaxial accelerometer is used. Future development of AEE prediction models applicable to free-living scenarios is needed.

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Components and variations in daily energy expenditure of athletic and non-athletic adolescents in free-living conditions

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500001847 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 531-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jérôme Ribeyre ◽

Nicole Fellmann ◽

Jean Vernet ◽

Michel Delaître ◽

Alain Chamoux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Direct Method ◽

Exercise Duration ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Whole Body ◽

Daily Energy Expenditure ◽

Free Living ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Free Living Conditions

The objectives of the study were to determine: (1) daily energy expenditure (EE) of athletic and non-athletic adolescents of both sexes in free-living conditions; (2) day-to-day variations in daily EE during 1 week; (3) energy costs of the main activities; and (4) the effect of usual activity on EE during sleep, seated and miscellaneous activities. Fifty adolescents (four groups of eleven to fifteen boys or girls aged 16–19 years) participated in the study. Body composition was measured by the skinfold-thickness method, and VO2max and external mechanical power (EMP) by a direct method (respiratory gas exchanges) on a cycloergometer. Daily EE and partial EE in free-living conditions were computed from heart-rate (HR) recordings during seven consecutive days using individual prediction equations established from the data obtained during a 24 h period spent in whole-body calorimeters with similar activities. Fat-free mass (FFM), VO2max, EMP, daily EE and EE during sleep were significantly higher in athletic than in non-athletic subjects. After adjustment for FFM, VO2max, EMP, daily EE and EE during exercise were still higher in athletic than in non-athletic adolescents (P<0·001). However, adjusted sleeping EE was not significantly different between athletic and non-athletic adolescents. Increases in exercise EE were partly compensated for by significant reductions in EE during schoolwork and miscellaneous activities. Thus, the differences in daily EE between athletic and non-athletic subjects resulted mainly from increases in FFM and EE during exercise (duration and energy cost).

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Critical evaluation of the factorial and heart-rate recording methods for the determination of energy expenditure of free-living elderly people

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19970189 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 709-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Beatrice Morio ◽

Patrick Ritz ◽

Elisabeth Verdier ◽

Christophe Montaurier ◽

Bernard Beaufrere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Elderly People ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Energy Costs ◽

Free Living ◽

Factorial Method ◽

Recording Method ◽

Mean Differences ◽

Free Living Conditions

The aim of the present study was to validate against the doubly-labelled water (DLW) technique the factorial method and the heart rate (HR) recording method for determining daily energy expenditure (DEE) of elderly people in free-living conditions. The two methods were first calibrated and validated in twelve healthy subjects (six males and six females; 70·1 (sd 2·7) years) from opencircuit whole-body indirect calorimetry measurements during three consecutive days and during 1 d respectively. Mean energy costs of the various usual activities were determined for each subject using the factorial method, and individual relationships were set up between HR and energy expenditure for the HR recording method. In free-living conditions, DEE was determined over the same period of time by the DLW, the factorial and the HR recording methods during 17, 14 and 4 d respectively. Mean free-living DEE values for men estimated using the DLW, the factorial and the HR recording methods were 12·8 (sd 3·1), 12·7 (sd 2·2) and 13·5 (sd 2·7) MJ/d respectively. Mean free-living DEE values for women were 9·6 (sd 0·8), 8·8 (sd 1·2) and 10·2 (sd 1·5) MJ/d respectively. No significant differences were found between the three methods for either sex, using the Bland & Altman (1986) test. Mean differences in DEE of men were -0·9 (sd 11·8) % between the factorial and DLW methods, and +4·7 (sd 16·1) % between the HR recording and DLW methods. Similarly, in women, mean differences were -7·7 (sd 12·7) % between the factorial and DLW methods, and +5·9 (sd 8·8) % between the HR recording and DLW methods. It was concluded that the factorial and the HR recording methods are satisfactory alternatives to the DLW method when considering the mean DEE of a group of subjects. Furthermore, mean energy costs of activities calculated in the present study using the factorial method were shown to be suitable for determining free-living DEE of elderly people when the reference value (i.e. sleeping metabolic rate) is accurately measured.

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Validity of combining heart rate and uniaxial acceleration to measure free-living physical activity energy expenditure in young men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 113 (11) ◽

pp. 1763-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

C. Villars ◽

A. Bergouignan ◽

J. Dugas ◽

E. Antoun ◽

D. A. Schoeller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Free Living ◽

Individual Level ◽

Individual Calibration ◽

Old Men ◽

Activity Energy ◽

Free Living Conditions

Combining accelerometry (ACC) with heart rate (HR) monitoring is thought to improve activity energy expenditure (AEE) estimations compared with ACC alone to evaluate the validity of ACC and HR used alone or combined. The purpose of this study was to estimate AEE in free-living conditions compared with doubly labeled water (DLW). Ten-day free-living AEE was measured by a DLW protocol in 35 18- to 55-yr-old men (11 lean active; 12 lean sedentary; 12 overweight sedentary) wearing an Actiheart (combining ACC and HR) and a RT3 accelerometer. AEE was estimated using group or individual calibration of the HR/AEE relationship, based on an exercise-tolerance test. In a subset ( n = 21), AEE changes (ΔAEE) were measured after 1 mo of detraining (active subjects) or an 8-wk training (sedentary subjects). Actiheart-combined ACC/HR estimates were more accurate than estimates from HR or ACC alone. Accuracy of the Actiheart group-calibrated ACC/HR estimates was modest [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.62], with no bias but high root mean square error (RMSE) and limits of agreement (LOA). The mean bias of the estimates was reduced by one-third, like RMSE and LOA, by individual calibration (ICC = 0.81). Contrasting with group-calibrated estimates, the Actiheart individual-calibrated ACC/HR estimates explained 40% of the variance of the DLW-ΔAEE (ICC = 0.63). This study supports a good level of agreement between the Actiheart ACC/HR estimates and DLW-measured AEE in lean and overweight men with varying fitness levels. Individual calibration of the HR/AEE relationship is necessary for AEE estimations at an individual level rather than at group scale and for ΔAEE evaluation.

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An evaluation of the IDEEA™ activity monitor for estimating energy expenditure

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512000645 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 173-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Stephen Whybrow ◽

Patrick Ritz ◽

Graham W. Horgan ◽

R. James Stubbs

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Activity Monitor ◽

Whole Body ◽

Similar Estimate ◽

Free Living ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

D 12

Objective estimates of activity patterns and energy expenditure (EE) are important for the measurement of energy balance. The Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA) can estimate EE from the thirty-five postures and activities it can identify and record. The present study evaluated the IDEEA system's estimation of EE using whole-body indirect calorimetry over 24 h, and in free-living subjects using doubly-labelled water (DLW) over 14 d. EE was calculated from the IDEEA data using calibration values for RMR and EE while sitting and standing, both as estimated by the IDEEA system (IDEEAest) and measured by indirect calorimetry (IDEEAmeas). Subjects were seven females and seven males, mean age 38·1 and 39·7 years, mean BMI 25·2 and 26·2 kg/m2, respectively. The IDEEAest method produced a similar estimate of EE to the calorimeter (10·8 and 10·8 MJ, NS), while the IDEEAmeas method underestimated EE (9·9 MJ, P < 0·001). After removing data from static cycling, which the IDEEA was unable to identify as an activity, both the IDEEAest and IDEEAmeas methods overestimated EE compared to the calorimeter (9·9 MJ, P < 0·001; 9·1 MJ, P < 0·05 and 8·6 MJ, respectively). Similarly, the IDEEA system overestimated EE compared to DLW over 14 d; 12·7 MJ/d (P < 0·01), 11·5 MJ/d (P < 0·01) and 9·5 MJ/d for the IDEEAest, IDEEAmeas and DLW, respectively. The IDEEA system overestimated EE both in the controlled laboratory and free-living environments. Using measured EE values for RMR, sitting and standing reduced, but did not eliminate, the error in estimated EE.

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