scholarly journals Facial threat affects trust more strongly than facial attractiveness in women than it does in men

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Brustkern ◽  
Markus Heinrichs ◽  
Mirella Walker ◽  
Bastian Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Threat Cues ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Facial Threat

AbstractTrust is essential in initiating social relationships. Due to the differential evolution of sex hormones as well as the fitness burdens of producing offspring, evaluations of a potential mating partner’s trustworthiness likely differ across sexes. Here, we explore unknown sex-specific effects of facial attractiveness and threat on trusting other-sex individuals. Ninety-three participants (singles; 46 women) attracted by the other sex performed an incentivized trust game. They had to decide whether to trust individuals of the other sex represented by a priori-created face stimuli gradually varying in the intensities of both attractiveness and threat. Male and female participants trusted attractive and unthreatening-looking individuals more often. However, whereas male participants’ trust behavior was affected equally by attractiveness and threat, female participants’ trust behavior was more strongly affected by threat than by attractiveness. This indicates that a partner’s high facial attractiveness might compensate for high facial threat in male but not female participants. Our findings suggest that men and women prioritize attractiveness and threat differentially, with women paying relatively more attention to threat cues inversely signaling parental investment than to attractiveness cues signaling reproductive fitness. This difference might be attributable to an evolutionary, biologically sex-specific decision regarding parental investment and reproduction behavior.

scholarly journals Sex-related differences in behavioral and amygdalar responses to compound facial threat cues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Yeon Im ◽  
Reginald B. Adams ◽  
Cody A. Cushing ◽  
Jasmine Boshyan ◽  
Noreen Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
The Face ◽  
Threat Cues ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
The Right ◽  
Averted Gaze ◽  
Facial Threat

AbstractDuring face perception, we integrate facial expression and eye gaze to take advantage of their shared signals. For example, fear with averted gaze provides a congruent avoidance cue, signaling both threat presence and its location, whereas fear with direct gaze sends an incongruent cue, leaving threat location ambiguous. It has been proposed that the processing of different combinations of threat cues is mediated by dual processing routes: reflexive processing via magnocellular (M) pathway and reflective processing via parvocellular (P) pathway. Because growing evidence has identified a variety of sex differences in emotional perception, here we also investigated how M and P processing of fear and eye gaze might be modulated by observer’s sex, focusing on the amygdala, a structure important to threat perception and affective appraisal. We adjusted luminance and color of face stimuli to selectively engage M or P processing and asked observers to identify emotion of the face. Female observers showed more accurate behavioral responses to faces with averted gaze and greater left amygdala reactivity both to fearful and neutral faces. Conversely, males showed greater right amygdala activation only for M-biased averted-gaze fear faces. In addition to functional reactivity differences, females had greater bilateral amygdala volumes, which positively correlated with behavioral accuracy for M-biased fear. Conversely, in males only the right amygdala volume was positively correlated with accuracy for M-biased fear faces. Our findings suggest that M and P processing of facial threat cues is modulated by functional and structural differences in the amygdalae associated with observer’s sex.

scholarly journals Another Name for Liberty: Revelation, ‘Objectivity,’ and Intellectual Freedom in Barth and Marion

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-450
Author(s):  
Kristóf Oltvai
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Absolute Truth ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Karl Barth’s and Jean-Luc Marion’s theories of revelation, though prominent and popular, are often criticized by both theologians and philosophers for effacing the human subject’s epistemic integrity. I argue here that, in fact, both Barth and Marion appeal to revelation in an attempt to respond to a tendency within philosophy to coerce thought. Philosophy, when it claims to be able to access a universal, absolute truth within history, degenerates into ideology. By making conceptually possible some ‚evental’ phenomena that always evade a priori epistemic conditions, Barth’s and Marion’s theories of revelation relativize all philosophical knowledge, rendering any ideological claim to absolute truth impossible. The difference between their two theories, then, lies in how they understand the relationship between philosophy and theology. For Barth, philosophy’s attempts to make itself absolute is a produce of sinful human vanity; its corrective is thus an authentic revealed theology, which Barth articulates in Christian, dogmatic terms. Marion, on the other hand, equipped with Heidegger’s critique of ontotheology, highlights one specific kind of philosophizing—metaphysics—as generative of ideology. To counter metaphysics, Marion draws heavily on Barth’s account of revelation but secularizes it, reinterpreting the ‚event’ as the saturated phenomenon. Revelation’s unpredictability is thus preserved within Marion’s philosophy, but is no longer restricted to the appearing of God. Both understandings of revelation achieve the same epistemological result, however. Reality can never be rendered transparent to thought; within history, all truth is provisional. A concept of revelation drawn originally from Christian theology thus, counterintuitively, is what secures philosophy’s right to challenge and critique the pre-given, a hermeneutic freedom I suggest is the meaning of sola scriptura.

scholarly journals Partial inverse problems for quadratic differential pencils on a graph with a loop

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Bondarenko ◽  
Chung-Tsun Shieh
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problems ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Edge ◽  
Partial Inverse ◽  
Quadratic Pencil ◽  
Sturm Liouville ◽  
Differential Pencils ◽  
Liouville Operators

AbstractIn this paper, partial inverse problems for the quadratic pencil of Sturm–Liouville operators on a graph with a loop are studied. These problems consist in recovering the pencil coefficients on one edge of the graph (a boundary edge or the loop) from spectral characteristics, while the coefficients on the other edges are known a priori. We obtain uniqueness theorems and constructive solutions for partial inverse problems.

THE INFLUENCE OF FAIR COMPETITION ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Camille Carbonnaux
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
The Common ◽  
European Competition Law

Since the 1990s, European judicial and normative institutions have paid particular attention to the competitive practices of public undertakings. Consequently, their regime is governed by a significant number of rules pursuing objectives appearing, a priori, contradictory. In fact, public undertakings may experience difficulties in their management. In this context, an approach of public competition law through the prism of fair competition can be very useful. Regarding the uniformity of its judgment, fair competition appears as an objective capable of coordinating rules and overcoming their contradictions. It thereby offers a global and coherent reading plan of all the legal translations of the European competitive order being of some practical importance. In illuminating the common features of the different legal aspects of competition, we can easily switch from one to the other. It therefore makes the European approach to competition more accessible and understandable. Furthermore, and most importantly, it leads to identifying legal opportunities and threats in a cross-disciplinary way. So, from a “Law & Management” perspective, it appears to be a precious tool for the management of public undertakings. Key words: European competition law, public undertakings, fair competition, “Management & law”.

scholarly journals Exploring language attitudes in ELF research: Contrasting approaches in conversation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Ishikawa ◽  
Sonia Morán Panero
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Ontological Position ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

AbstractWith reference to two recent doctoral research projects on ELF, the present article examines the characterisation of language attitudes as either stable or variable evaluative phenomena, and provides a detailed account of methodological practices that may be favoured from each ontological position. The durability of language attitudes is more specifically conceptualised as a stable (but not enduring) construct directed to a linguistic phenomenon in one thesis, and as variable and emergent forms of evaluative social practice around a language-related issue in the other. With these two different approaches in conversation, the authors consider the extent to which stability and variability of language attitudes may be two sides of the same coin, and question whether it is safe to assume a priori the inferability of stable language attitudes from the observation of evaluative practice. This article evidences the need for ELF researchers working in this area to contemplate what and how it is being researched in the name of language attitudes while having awareness of possible alternatives in any given study.

scholarly journals CONSTRAINING THE PREFERRED-FRAME α1, α2 PARAMETERS FROM SOLAR SYSTEM PLANETARY PRECESSIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450006 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. IORIO
Keyword(s):  
Binary System ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preferred Frame ◽  
General Relativistic ◽  
Ppn Parameters ◽  
Invariable Plane ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Analytical expressions for the orbital precessions affecting the relative motion of the components of a local binary system induced by Lorentz-violating Preferred Frame Effects (PFE) are explicitly computed in terms of the Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters α1, α2. Preliminary constraints on α1, α2 are inferred from the latest determinations of the observationally admitted ranges [Formula: see text] for any anomalous Solar System planetary perihelion precessions. Other bounds existing in the literature are critically reviewed, with particular emphasis on the constraint [Formula: see text] based on an interpretation of the current close alignment of the Sun's equator with the invariable plane of the Solar System in terms of the action of a α2-induced torque throughout the entire Solar System's existence. Taken individually, the supplementary precessions [Formula: see text] of Earth and Mercury, recently determined with the INPOP10a ephemerides without modeling PFE, yield α1 = (0.8±4) × 10-6 and α2 = (4±6) × 10-6, respectively. A linear combination of the supplementary perihelion precessions of all the inner planets of the Solar System, able to remove the a priori bias of unmodeled/mismodeled standard effects such as the general relativistic Lense–Thirring precessions and the classical rates due to the Sun's oblateness J2, allows to infer α1 = (-1 ± 6) × 10-6, α2 = (-0.9 ± 3.5) × 10-5. Such figures are obtained by assuming that the ranges of values for the anomalous perihelion precessions are entirely due to the unmodeled effects of α1 and α2. Our bounds should be improved in the near-mid future with the MESSENGER and, especially, BepiColombo spacecrafts. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile noticing that our constraints are close to those predicted for BepiColombo in two independent studies. In further dedicated planetary analyses, PFE may be explicitly modeled to estimate α1, α2 simultaneously with the other PPN parameters as well.

scholarly journals Estimation of the mean normal measure from flat sections

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Markus Kiderlen
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consistent Estimator ◽  
Random Set ◽  
Normal Measure ◽  
Mild Assumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vertical Sections ◽  
Almost All

We discuss the determination of the mean normal measure of a stationary random set Z ⊂ ℝ d by taking measurements at the intersections of Z with k-dimensional planes. We show that mean normal measures of sections with vertical planes determine the mean normal measure of Z if k ≥ 3 or if k = 2 and an additional mild assumption holds. The mean normal measures of finitely many flat sections are not sufficient for this purpose. On the other hand, a discrete mean normal measure can be verified (i.e. an a priori guess can be confirmed or discarded) using mean normal measures of intersections with m suitably chosen planes when m ≥ ⌊d / k⌋ + 1. This even holds for almost all m-tuples of k-dimensional planes are viable for verification. A consistent estimator for the mean normal measure of Z, based on stereological measurements in vertical sections, is also presented.

scholarly journals Violence in social memory intimate beliefs regarding operation storm in the Croatian and Serbian publics

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Gordana Djeric
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silence Suppression ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Manipulation Strategy

This text is part of a research conducted under the working title "What do we talk about when we are silent and what are we silent about when we are talking? - premises for the anthropology of silence about the nearest past." In the first part the author investigates the meaning of silence in the Croatian and Serbian press right before and during Croatia's Operation Storm. The ratio between silence, suppression of information and forgetting, on the one hand, and social memory, on the other, has been elaborated in the final part of the text by following reports about the anniversaries of Operation Storm in both Croatian and Serbian publics. The starting point lies in the belief that the phenomenon of silence (and suppression of information), being an immanent part of each discourse, represents an important factor in the creation of social relationships and system of value models, that it has important communication and cognitive functions and that the performance character lies in its essence. In short, silence makes it possible to form the prevailing image about this event, even if it does not construct it indirectly - through speech. The author has elaborated on the meaning of silence in the context of Operation Storm partly because studies about the breakup of Yugoslavia frequently mention silence as a manipulation strategy employed by some of the sides in the conflict (or analysts dealing with Yugoslav topics), while not a single study systematically investigates the semantic of silence and suppression of information in these conflicts. Most importantly, taking into account the frequency of direct silence in the newspaper discourse and rhetoric strategies that point at silence indirectly from the context and discourse, the author focuses on the relationship between the event (situation) and silence. In order to shed light on the way in which Operation Storm is remembered, i.e. forgotten, in the stakeholders' publics and political imageries, she follows the dailies - Vecernje Novosti Politika, Danas (Belgrade) - Vecernji List, Jutarnji List, Magazin supplement of the Jutarnji List (Zagreb), as well as texts about Operation Storm in weeklies such as the NIN and Vreme of Belgrade or Globus of Zagreb in the period between August 2, 1995 and mid-August 2006.

scholarly journals FRACTAL * MODEL OF CONSERVATIVE DEVELOPMENT (an example of trust algebra, that is, state building with a trust operation)

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Vadim Chuiko ◽  
Valery Atamanchuk-Angel
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Fractal Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
National University ◽  
Philosophy Professor ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

In this article of the Doctor of Philosophy, professor of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Chuiko Vadim Leonidovich and Atamanchuk-Angel Valerii Ivanovich is applied the principle of «first philosophy» as the foundation of the a priori prerequisites of possible cognition, which define an existence in general rather than its individual parts. This application of metaphysics made it possible to introduce methods of «universal algebra» for the implementation of humanitarian research using algebraic description with the help of three notion: plural, operations, relation. This methodological novation makes it possible to create demonstrative models of social systems, not their constructions, because constructionsare traditionally makeby using binary description that use only two notions, categories. Question: How to fill the notion of «public agreement» with the actual content? How to make all generations participate in the adoption of a social contract? How to create a new one, without destroying it entirely, maintaining stability? How to ensure a high degree of mutation — rebuilding, rebuilding and construction? Introduced in the algebraic sense, the notion of «trust» as a definition of what is necessary for the existence of a society of being as such, forms an algebra that models social relations by the operation of trust, not violence. Based on the above, we can talk about creating a mathematical politics. Matpoliticsdeal with ideal political objects. Matpolitics is the activity of a summation of algebras. These algebras differ from each other by the choice of operations. Plurals that consist of different algebras can be the carrier of the algebra. In this case, we are talking about the algebra of trust / credo, whose signature consists of the following operations: sovereignty, trust / credit, understanding of need for the Other, agreement and recursive procedures. The result of the implementation of these methodological guidelines are the answers to the following questions: How to make the concept of «social agreement» really meaningful? How can all generations (and the unborn, too) be involved in the social agreement? How to create a new one, without destroying the foundations of the existing one, to realize the idea of conservative development: restructuring and building a new one? Based on the provisions of the algebra of trust, society appears as a plurality of sovereigns — C, possessing the full range of rights to identify trust / distrust — Di, creating agreements — Yn, and for their completeness they have and understand the need for the other — Ik. The model presented is a system of treaties that are not an abstract concept of the state, but an agreement with specific elected people who have gained the trust of those to whom they temporarily render their services. Agreements are urgent, limited by time frame, with obligatory full responsibility of the parties.

scholarly journals REFORMS IN THE COMMUNICATIONS MONITORING SYSTEM AS A PRECONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509-1514
Author(s):  
Biljana Karovska-Andonovska ◽  
Zoran Jovanovski
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The reforms in the communications monitoring system as part of the wider reform of the security services in the Republic of Macedonia, resulted with creation of a package of several laws whose adoption was supposed to provide the legislative basis for a system that would really work in accordance with the goals for which it was established. The communications monitoring system should provide a balanced protection of the right to security, on the one hand, and the right to privacy, on the other. Only on that way a priori primacy of the right to security over the right to privacy will it be disabled. Hence, the reforms in communications monitoring system are a precondition for the effective protection, primarily for the right to privacy and the secrecy of communications, but also for the right to personal data protection, the inviolability of the home as well as for the right to presumption of innocence. It is a complex and delicate matter where opening of a real debate through which the present deficiencies will be perceived in order to create an appropriate legal solutions was very important. However, the new Law on Interception of Communications as the most important in this area, retained a certain part of the provisions that were debatable in the previous legal solutions. The provisions regarding the model for interception of communications, which stipulates the establishment of a separate agency that mediates between the operators and the authorized bodies for interception of communications, were questionable as well. Also, new measures for monitoring communications in the interest of security and defense, as well as the provisions which regulate the disposition and delivery of metadata for security and defense, are also debatable. On the other side, the reform laws made an evident progress in a positive sense through the provisions for oversight and control over the interception of communications. With these changes, certain debatable elements have been overcome, especially those that have hindered it so far, and in some cases completely paralyzed the oversight and control over the monitoring of communications. In this paper we analyzed the debatable elements in the reform package of laws on interception of communications as well as some positive aspects contained in the provisions of the reform laws.

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