scholarly journals Effects of lubricant-fuel mixing on particle emissions in a single cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoseung Yi ◽  
Jihwan Seo ◽  
Young Soo Yu ◽  
Yunsung Lim ◽  
Sanguk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Wall Film ◽  
Gdi Engines

AbstractGasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than port fuel injection (PFI) engines when fossil fuel conditions are the same. However, GDI engines emit more ultrafine particulate matter, which can have negative health effects, leading to particulate emission regulations. To satisfy these regulations, various studies have been done to reduce particulate matter, and several studies focused on lubricants. This study focuses on the influence of lubricant on the formation of particulate matter and its effect on particulate emissions in GDI engines. An instrumented, combustion and optical singe-cylinder GDI engine fueled by four different lubricant-gasoline blends was used with various injection conditions. Combustion experiments were used to determine combustion characteristics, and gaseous emissions indicated that the lubricant did not influence mixture homogeneity but had an impact on unburned fuels. Optical experiments showed that the lubricant did not influence spray but did influence wall film formation during the injection period, which is a major factor affecting particulate matter generation. Particulate emissions indicated that lubricant included in the wall film significantly affected PN emissions depending on injection conditions. Additionally, the wall film influenced by the lubricant affected the overall particle size and its distribution.

Particulate Emission Reduction by Fuel Injection Timing Optimization in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nikhil Sharma ◽  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Gdi Engine

Abstract Optimized fuel injection timings in internal combustion (IC) engines exhibit superior performance, combustion characteristics, and lower emissions. Particularly, particulate emissions from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are highly dependent on fuel injection timings. GDI engines have emerged as a popular choice of powerplants for automobiles among customers. They are preferred over multiple-port fuel injection (MPFI) engines in the transport sector because of their superior fuel economy and performance characteristics. The main objective of this study was to optimize a GDI engine for the lowest particulate emission at different fuel injection timings. GDI engine was investigated for particulate matter (PM) mass/ particulate number (PN) emissions at five fuel injection timings (230, 250, 270, 290, 310 °btdc), which covered the entire envelope. Once the optimum fuel injection timing was determined, an engine exhaust particle sizer was used to measure the particle size-number distribution. Particulate samples from the engine were also collected on the filter paper for morphological investigations of particulates collected under optimized fuel injection timings. These experiments confirmed the importance and need to optimize the fuel injection timings at every engine operating point to reduce the PM/PN emissions from a GDI engine, which remains one of the biggest challenges to this technology.

Experimental and numerical analyses of the combustion process in a direct injection gasoline engine

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Reissing ◽  
H Peters ◽  
J. M. Kech ◽  
U Spicher
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Direct Injection Gasoline Engine ◽  
Gdi Engines

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engine technology is advancing at a rapid rate. The development and optimization of GDI engines requires new experimental methods and numerical models to analyse the in-cylinder processes. Therefore the objective of this paper is to present numerical and experimental methods to analyse the combustion process in GDI engines. The numerical investigation of a four-stroke three-valve GDI engine was performed with the code KIVA-3V [1]. For the calculation of the turbulent combustion a model for partially premixed combustion, developed and implemented by Kech [4], was used. The results of the numerical investigation are compared to experimental results, obtained using an optical fibre technique in combination with spectroscopic temperature measurements under different engine conditions. This comparison shows good agreement in temporal progression of pressure. Both the numerical simulation and the experimental investigation predicted comparable combustion phenomena.

Multi-component fuel vaporization modelling and its effect on spray development in gasoline direct injection engines

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1321-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tonini ◽  
M Gavaises ◽  
C Arcoumanis ◽  
A Theodorakakos ◽  
S Kometani
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Fuel Spray ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Fuel Vaporization ◽  
Swirl Atomizer ◽  
Gdi Engines

A multi-component fuel vaporization model has been developed and implemented into an in-house multi-phase computational fluid dynamics flow solver simulating the flow, spray, and air-fuel mixing processes taking place in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Multi-component fuel properties are modelled assuming a specified composition of pure hydrocarbons. High-pressure and -temperature effects, as well as gas solubility and compressibility, are considered. Remote droplet vaporization is initially investigated in order to quantify and validate the most appropriate vaporization model for conditions relevant to those realized with GDI engines. Phenomena related to the fuel injection system and pressure-swirl atomizer flow as well as the subsequent spray development are considered using an one-dimensional fuel injection equipment model predicting the wave dynamics inside the injection system, a Eulerian volume of fluid-based two-phase flow model simulating the liquid film formation process inside the injection hole of the swirl atomizer and a Lagrangian spray model simulating the subsequent spray development, respectively. The computational results are validated against experimental data obtained in an optical engine and include laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of the charge air motion in the absence of spray injection and charge coupled device images of the fuel spray injected during the induction stroke. The results confirm that fuel composition affects the overall fuel spray vaporization rate, but not significantly relative to other flow and heat transfer processes taking place during the engine operation.

Particulate Bound Trace Metals and Soot Morphology of Gasohol Fueled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Sharma ◽  
Rashmi A. Agarwal ◽  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metal ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Trace Metal Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Gdi Engine ◽  
Gdi Engines

Direct injection spark ignition or gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are superior in terms of relatively higher thermal efficiency and power output compared to multipoint port fuel injection engines and direct injection diesel engines. In this study, a 500 cc single cylinder GDI engine was used for experiments. Three gasohol blends (15% (v/v) ethanol/methanol/butanol with 85% (v/v) gasoline) were chosen for this experimental study and were characterized to determine their important fuel properties. For particulate investigations, exhaust particles were collected on a quartz filter paper using a partial flow dilution tunnel. Comparative investigations for particulate mass emissions, trace metal concentrations, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of the particulate samples collected from different test fuels at different engine loads were performed. For majority of the experimental conditions, gasohols showed relatively lower trace metal concentration in particulates compared to gasoline. HR-TEM images showed that higher engine loads and presence of oxygen in the test fuels increased the soot reactivity. Multicore shells like structures were visible in the HR-TEM images due to growth of nuclei, and rapid soot formation due to relatively higher temperature and pressure environment of the engine combustion chamber. Researches world-over are trying to reduce particulate emissions from GDI engines; however there is a vast research gap for such investigations related to gasohol fueled GDI engines. This paper critically assesses and highlights comparative morphological characteristics of gasohol fueled GDI engine.

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