Multi-component fuel vaporization modelling and its effect on spray development in gasoline direct injection engines

A multi-component fuel vaporization model has been developed and implemented into an in-house multi-phase computational fluid dynamics flow solver simulating the flow, spray, and air-fuel mixing processes taking place in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Multi-component fuel properties are modelled assuming a specified composition of pure hydrocarbons. High-pressure and -temperature effects, as well as gas solubility and compressibility, are considered. Remote droplet vaporization is initially investigated in order to quantify and validate the most appropriate vaporization model for conditions relevant to those realized with GDI engines. Phenomena related to the fuel injection system and pressure-swirl atomizer flow as well as the subsequent spray development are considered using an one-dimensional fuel injection equipment model predicting the wave dynamics inside the injection system, a Eulerian volume of fluid-based two-phase flow model simulating the liquid film formation process inside the injection hole of the swirl atomizer and a Lagrangian spray model simulating the subsequent spray development, respectively. The computational results are validated against experimental data obtained in an optical engine and include laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of the charge air motion in the absence of spray injection and charge coupled device images of the fuel spray injected during the induction stroke. The results confirm that fuel composition affects the overall fuel spray vaporization rate, but not significantly relative to other flow and heat transfer processes taking place during the engine operation.

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Modeling Mixture Formation in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.2173284 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 931-939 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rossella Rotondi

Keyword(s):

Flow Field ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Injection System ◽

Fuel Spray ◽

Computational Domain ◽

Mixture Formation ◽

Wide Range

Mixture formation and combustion in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were studied. A swirl-type nozzle, with an inwardly opening pintle, was used to inject the fuel directly in a four stroke, four cylinder, four valves per cylinder engine. The atomization of the hollow cone fuel spray was modeled by using a hybrid approach. The most important obstacle in the development of GDI engines is that the control of the stratified-charge combustion over the entire operating range is very difficult. Since the location of the ignition source is fixed in SI engines the mixture cloud must be controlled both temporally and spatially for a wide range of operating conditions. Results show that the volume of the spark must be considered when discretizing the computational domain because it highly influences the flow field in the combustion chamber. This is because the volume occupied by the plug cannot be neglected since it is much bigger than the ones used in port fuel injection engines. The development of a successful combustion system depends on the design of the fuel injection system and the matching with the in-cylinder flow field: the stratification at part load appears to be the most crucial and critical step, and if the air motion is not well coupled with the fuel spray it would lead to an increase of unburned hydrocarbon emission and fuel consumption

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A Hybrid Taguchi-Regression Algorithm for a Fuel Injection Control System

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22010277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 277

Author(s):

Wen-Chang Tsai

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Control System ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Injection System ◽

Fuel Injection System ◽

Direct Injection Engine ◽

Injection Quantity ◽

Injection Control

The fuel injection system is one of the key components of an in-cylinder direct injection engine. Its performance directly affects the economy, power and emission of the engine. Previous research found that the Taguchi method can be used to optimize the fuel injection map and operation parameters of the injection system. The electronic control injector was able to steadily control the operation performance of a high-pressure fuel injection system, but its control was not accurate enough. This paper conducts an experimental analysis for the fuel injection quantity of DI injectors using the Taguchi-Regression approach, and provides a decision-making analysis to improve the design of electronic elements for the driving circuit. In order to develop a more stable and energy-saving driver, a functional experiment was carried out. The hybrid Taguchi-regression algorithm for injection quantity of a direct injection injector was examined to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. This paper also introduces the development of a high-pressure fuel injection system and provides a new theoretical basis for optimizing the performance of an in-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine. Finally, a simulation study for the fuel injection control system was carried out under the environment of MATLAB/Simulink to validate the theoretical concepts.

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The impact of injector placement on the dose preparation conditions in a gasoline direct injection system

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-2018-104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 172 (1) ◽

pp. 35-43

Author(s):

Maciej SIDOROWICZ ◽

Ireneusz PIELECHA

Keyword(s):

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Angular Position ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Injection System ◽

Secondary Importance ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Direct Fuel Injection ◽

The Impact

Direct fuel injection requires appropriate conditions for proper ignition of the formed mixture. The proper combustion process is shaped by the direct fuel injection, whose parameters vary. Preparation of the dose requires proper injector placement in the combustion chamber. This article focuses on the issue of the injector specific spatial and angular position in order to implement the injection and atomization of the fuel. The injectors pseudo-optimal location has been presented along with several changed positions. The research was conducted as a simulation experiment using AVL FIRE 2017 software. The best position of the injector was selected based on the fuel spraying and injection process indicators. It has been shown that the spatial position has the most impact and the injector placement angle is of secondary importance.

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Combustion Model for a Homogeneous Turbocharged Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development ◽

10.1115/icef2017-3613 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sedigheh Tolou ◽

Ravi Teja Vedula ◽

Harold Schock ◽

Guoming Zhu ◽

Yong Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Heat Release ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Local Maximum ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Combustion Model ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Gdi Engine ◽

Mean Square Errors

Homogeneous charge is a preferred operation mode of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines. However, a limited amount of work exists in the literature for combustion models of this mode of engine operation. Current work describes a model developed and used to study combustion in a GDI engine having early intake fuel injection. The model was validated using experimental data obtained from a 1.6L Ford EcoBoost® four-cylinder engine, tested at the U.S. EPA. The start of combustion was determined from filtered cycle-averaged cylinder pressure measurements, based on the local maximum of third derivative with respect to crank angle. The subsequent heat release, meanwhile, was approximated using a double-Wiebe function, to account for the rapid initial pre-mixed combustion (stage 1) followed by a gradual diffusion-like state of combustion (stage 2) as observed in this GDI engine. A non-linear least-squares optimization was used to determine the tuning variables of Wiebe correlations, resulting in a semi-predictive combustion model. The effectiveness of the semi-predictive combustion model was tested by comparing the experimental in-cylinder pressures with results obtained from a model built using a one-dimensional engine simulation tool, GT-POWER (Gamma Technologies). Model comparisons were made for loads of 60, 120, and 180 N-m at speeds ranging from 1500 to 4500 rpm, in 500 rpm increments. The root-mean-square errors between predicted cylinder pressures and the experimental data were within 2.5% of in-cylinder peak pressure during combustion. The semi-predictive combustion model, verified using the GT-POWER simulation, was further studied to develop a predictive combustion model. The performance of the predictive combustion model was examined by regenerating the experimental cumulative heat release. The heat release analysis developed for the GDI engine was further applied to a dual mode, turbulent jet ignition (DM-TJI) engine. DM-TJI is an advanced combustion technology with a promising potential to extend the thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines with minimal engine-out emissions. The DM-TJI engine was observed to offer a faster burn rate and lower in-cylinder heat transfer when compared to the GDI engine under the same loads and speeds.

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Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/1468087420970374 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 146808742097037

Author(s):

Charles Bokor ◽

Behzad Rohani ◽

Charlie Humphries ◽

Denise Morrey ◽

Fabrizio Bonatesta

Keyword(s):

Direct Injection ◽

Exhaust System ◽

Injection Pressure ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Accuracy Of Measurements ◽

Particulate Number ◽

Grade Performance ◽

Gdi Engines ◽

The Impact

An experimental investigation was carried out to investigate Particulate Number (PN) emissions from a modern, small-capacity Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine. The first part of the study focused on improving measurement repeatability using the Cambustion DMS-500 device. Results showed that sampling near the exhaust valve – while dampening the pressure oscillations in the sampling line – can significantly improve the repeatability. It was also found that uncontrolled phenomena such as deposition in the exhaust system from earlier engine operation can undermine the accuracy of measurements taken at tailpipe level. The second part of the work investigated PN emissions from three types of gasoline fuel, Pump-grade, Performance and Reference. Fuel chemical composition was found to have an appreciable impact on PN, but the magnitude of this effect differs in various operating points, being more pronounced at higher engine load. The Reference fuel was found to have the lowest PN emission tendency, conceivably because of its lower aromatics, olefins and heavy hydrocarbons content. A sweep of operating parameters showed that higher injection pressure reduces PN, but the extent of the reduction depends on fuel physical properties such as volatility.

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Design of a Digital Electronic Fuel Injection System for Gasoline Direct Injection in a Two Stroke Cycle Spark Ignition Engine

10.4271/2005-26-359 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Marouf Wani ◽

M K Gajendra Babu ◽

TS Bhatti

Keyword(s):

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Injection System ◽

Fuel Injection System ◽

Stroke Cycle

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Irregular ignition events in TC GDI engines: phenomenology, analysis and engine development

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-117128 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 143 (4) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Alois HIRSCH ◽

Paul KAPUS ◽

Harald PHILIPP ◽

Ernst WINKLHOFER

Keyword(s):

Gasoline Engine ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Measurement And Analysis ◽

Engine Testing ◽

Ignition And Combustion ◽

Gdi Engines ◽

Engine Development

Gasoline engine development has to respond to requirements for fuel efficient and clean combustion. In meeting such targets, the automotive industry has responded with the introduction and continuous improvement of turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TC GDI) combustion systems. Specific challenges to such engines include irregular ignition and combustion events which are rarely met in conventional engines. The paper describes ignition phenomena and mechanisms relevant for the development of such TC GDI engines. Focus then is given to combustion measurement techniques applied for the identification of these spontaneous and riskfull combustion events. As analysis of such ignition events must be done in real, high load multicylinder engine operation, suitable sensors together with measurement and analysis procedures are described. The paper concludes with analysis examples derived from various engine testing situations.

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Effects of lubricant-fuel mixing on particle emissions in a single cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-03873-w ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hoseung Yi ◽

Jihwan Seo ◽

Young Soo Yu ◽

Yunsung Lim ◽

Sanguk Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Particulate Emissions ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Particulate Emission ◽

Wall Film ◽

Gdi Engines

AbstractGasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than port fuel injection (PFI) engines when fossil fuel conditions are the same. However, GDI engines emit more ultrafine particulate matter, which can have negative health effects, leading to particulate emission regulations. To satisfy these regulations, various studies have been done to reduce particulate matter, and several studies focused on lubricants. This study focuses on the influence of lubricant on the formation of particulate matter and its effect on particulate emissions in GDI engines. An instrumented, combustion and optical singe-cylinder GDI engine fueled by four different lubricant-gasoline blends was used with various injection conditions. Combustion experiments were used to determine combustion characteristics, and gaseous emissions indicated that the lubricant did not influence mixture homogeneity but had an impact on unburned fuels. Optical experiments showed that the lubricant did not influence spray but did influence wall film formation during the injection period, which is a major factor affecting particulate matter generation. Particulate emissions indicated that lubricant included in the wall film significantly affected PN emissions depending on injection conditions. Additionally, the wall film influenced by the lubricant affected the overall particle size and its distribution.

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