scholarly journals Analysis of non-pharmaceutical interventions and their impacts on COVID-19 in Kerala

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Goult ◽  
Shubha Sathyendranath ◽  
Žarko Kovač ◽  
Christina Eunjin Kong ◽  
Petar Stipanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
International Media ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractIn the absence of an effective vaccine or drug therapy, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the only option for control of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, a pandemic with global implications. Each of the over 200 countries affected has followed its own path in dealing with the crisis, making it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of measures implemented, either individually, or collectively. In this paper we analyse the case of the south Indian state of Kerala, which received much attention in the international media for its actions in containing the spread of the disease in the early months of the pandemic, but later succumbed to a second wave. We use a model to study the trajectory of the disease in the state during the first four months of the outbreak. We then use the model for a retrospective analysis of measures taken to combat the spread of the disease, to evaluate their impact. Because of the differences in the trajectory of the outbreak in Kerala, we argue that it is a model worthy of a place in the discussion on how the world might best handle this and other, future, pandemics.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Kerala: analysis of measures and impacts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Goult ◽  
Shubha Sathyendranath ◽  
Žarko Kovač ◽  
Anas Abdulaziz ◽  
Nandini Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
International Media ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract In the absence of an effective vaccine or drug therapy, non-Pharmaceutical Interventions are the only option for control of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, a pandemic with global implications. Each of the over 200 countries affected1 has followed its own path in dealing with the crisis, making it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of measures implemented, either individually, or collectively. In this paper we analyse the case of the south Indian state of Kerala, which received much praise in the international media for its success in containing the spread of the disease in the early months of the pandemic, but is now in the grips of a second wave. We use a model to study the trajectory of the disease in the state during the first four months of the outbreak. We then use the model for a retrospective analysis of measures taken to combat the spread of the disease, to evaluate their impact. Because of the unusual aspects of the Kerala case, we argue that it is a model worthy of a place in the discussion on how the world might best handle this and other, future, pandemics.

“Sultan among Hindu Kings”: Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara

1996 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip B. Wagoner
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
South India ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Natural Result

When Robert Sewell inaugurated the modern study of the South Indian state of Vijayanagara with his classic A Forgotten Empire (1900), he characterized the state as “a Hindu bulwark against Muhammadan conquests” (Sewell [1900] 1962, 1), thereby formulating one of the enduring axioms of Vijayanagara historiography. From their capital on the banks of the Tungabhadra river, the kings of Vijayanagara ruled over a territory of more than 140,000 square miles, and their state survived three changes of dynasty to endure for a period of nearly three hundred years, from the mid-fourteenth through the mid-seventeenth centuries (Stein 1989, 1–2). According to Sewell, this achievement was to be understood as “the natural result of the persistent efforts made by the Muhammadans to conquer all India” ([1900] 1962, 1). Hindu kingdoms had exercised hegemony over South India for most of the previous millennium, but were divided among themselves when the Muslim forces of Muhammad bin Tughluq swept over the South in the early decades of the fourteenth century: “When these dreaded invaders reached the Krishna River the Hindus to their south, stricken with terror, combined, and gathered in haste to the new standard [of Vijayanagara] which alone seemed to offer some hope of protection. The decayed old states crumbled away into nothingness, and the fighting kings of Vijayanagar became the saviours of the south for two and a half centuries” (Sewell [1900] 1962, 1).

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Understanding on Immunogenicity, Safety, and Further Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian He ◽  
Qunying Mao ◽  
Jialu Zhang ◽  
Lianlian Bian ◽  
Fan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Second Wave

The world has entered the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and its intensity is significantly higher than that of the first wave of early 2020. Many countries or regions have been forced to start the second round of lockdowns. To respond rapidly to this global pandemic, dozens of COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed and many are undergoing clinical testing. Evaluating and defining effective vaccine candidates for human use is crucial for prioritizing vaccination programs against COVID-19. In this review, we have summarized and analyzed the efficacy, immunogenicity and safety data from clinical reports on different COVID-19 vaccines. We discuss the various guidelines laid out for the development of vaccines and the importance of biological standards for comparing the performance of vaccines. Lastly, we highlight the key remaining challenges, possible strategies for addressing them and the expected improvements in the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines.

scholarly journals Kamala Das

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Kishore ◽  
B Hariharan
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
The South ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The World ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Indian State

Kamala Das Suraiya (1934-2009), who also wrote under the pen name of Madhavikutty, was a bilingual writer from the South Indian state of Kerala and one of the most popular and most controversial poets of Indian English. As a major Indian poet of contemporary times, Das has attracted international attention by her bold and previously unarticulated expressions of womanhood. The recognition of Das as an Indian poet in English came with the PEN Asian Poetry Prize in 1963. Since then her poems have been published in many anthologies including the World Anthology of Living Poets (1973). Her initial poetry collections in English are: Summer in Calcutta (1965), The Descendants (1967), The Old Playhouse and Other Poems (1973) and Tonight, this Savage Rite (Kamala Das and Pritish Nandy, 1979). Many other collections were published subsequently, incorporating both new poems and poems from the above collections.Some of them are: Collected Poems (1984), The Best of Kamala Das (1991), Only the Soul Knows How to Sing (1996), Encountering Kamala (2007) and a posthumous collection, Wages of Love ed. Suresh Kohli in 2013. Collected Poems won the Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi) award in 1984. Other works in English include her novel, Alphabet of Lust (1976), her autobiography, My Story, and short stories A Doll for the Child Prostitute (1977) and Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories (1992).The initial part of this literary dialogue on Kamala Das between Usha Kishore and Dr B. Hariharan took place at the Institute of English, Thiruvananthapuram, where Usha was on a study trip from Edinburgh Napier University. The following is an email dialogue, incorporating the initial face to face discourse.

Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002: Neighborhood Perspectives

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Spodek
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The City

The 2002 pogrom in the Indian state of Gujarat, and especially in its largest city, Ahmedabad, left about 1,000 Muslims dead in the city, another 1,000 dead in the state, and about 140,000 homeless, some of them still living in relief camps today. The killing, one of the worst in India since partition in 1947, drew responses of horror from across India and the world. Although the assault on Muslims followed an apparent (all the facts will never be known) assault on Hindu pilgrims travelling through the railway station at Godhra, in eastern Gujarat, in which fifty-nine Hindus burned to death, most observers have argued that the response was not commensurate with the attack, and, of course, it targeted not the criminals who may have set the fire, but a community of Muslims 100 miles away.

scholarly journals Emergency Preparedness of The New Generation Retail Outlets of Kerala

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
R. Roshan ◽  
D. Kinslin
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Indian State ◽  
New Generation

The aim of this research study is to analyze the preparedness of the new generation retail outlets of Kerala to face an unexpected emergency situation. Kerala is a small south Indian state with 580km of its western boundary as a coastal line to the Arabian sea. With a population density of 860 people per square kilometer and a human development index of 0.79 which is the highest in the country, the state is multi hazard prone, though it ranks high in education health, and purchasing power. The last decade has seen a tremendous increase in the number of organized retail outlets in the state. With 14.5% of the state prone to floods, 14.4% of the area prone to landslides and with an average of 70 people dying of lightning every year this consumer state has to be more conscious about the safety measures existing in the new generation sales outlets. This study was focused on discovering the awareness, the presence, the maintenance and the usage of emergency management systems in the new generation retail outlets. The data was collected using interview schedule and observation. The result of the study shows an alarming nature of general negligence to even the simplest precautions that could be taken. 

scholarly journals Convectively-coupled High-frequency Atmospheric waves triggered Kerala floods in 2018 and 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRAN S R
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The State ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Normal Rainfall

Abstract Floods have repeatedly battered the South Indian state, Kerala, as a result of the unprecedented heavy rainfall during Boreal Summers, in recent years. The state witnessed large departures from normal rainfall in 2018 and 2019. Previous studies have seldom adopted a systematic approach to understand the phenomenon responsible for the recurrent extreme events. Hence, this study, based on spectral methods, identifies a characteristic propagation of high-frequency equatorial waves in the atmosphere, which travelled from near tropical west Pacific to the east coast of Africa. These waves stimulated intense convection and ensured sufficient availability of moisture over the state, and are hence responsible for Kerala Floods.

scholarly journals Covid-19 pandemic in India: Chronological comparison of the regional heterogeneity in the pandemic progression and gaps in mitigation strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satabdi Datta ◽  
Neloy Kumar Chakroborty ◽  
Deepinder Sharda ◽  
Komal Attri ◽  
Diptiman Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The State ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
The World ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract COVID-19 second wave, in India, exerted more catastrophe than the first. The progressions of both waves were heterogeneous in the six different regions involving 28 states and 8 union territories. An analysis of the temporal variations in new cases and fatalities in all the states of India was done for both the 1st (30th January 2020 to 31st January 2021) and 2nd wave (1st February 2021 to 29th May 2021) showed India accounted for over 16% and 9% of the cases and fatalities of the world respectively. The Southern and Western regions remained the top contributor of cases and fatalities in both waves. The state of Punjab and Maharashtra reported the highest CFR (3.24 and 2.5 respectively) in the country during 1st wave, and in the second wave, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2.6), and Punjab (2.25) reported the highest CFR. Goa and Delhi showed the highest CCR and CDR for 1st wave respectively, whereas Lakshadweep and Goa reported the highest CCR and CDR respectively in the 2nd wave. The study comprehends the severity of the second wave over all the states of the country, highlights major hotspots regions and some gaps in mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic in India: Chronological comparison of the regional heterogeneity in the pandemic progression and gaps in mitigation strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satabdi Datta ◽  
Neloy Kumar Chakroborty ◽  
Deepinder Sharda ◽  
Komal Attri ◽  
Diptiman Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
The State ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
The World ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract The second wave of COVID-19 exerted more catastrophe in India than the first. The progressions of both waves were heterogeneous in the six different regions involving 28 states and 8 union territories. An analysis of the temporal variations in new cases and fatalities in all the states of India was done for both the 1st (30th January 2020 to 31st January 2021) and 2nd wave (1st February 2021 to 29th May 2021), which showed that India accounted for over 16% and 9% of the cases and fatalities of the world respectively. The Southern and Western regions remained the top contributor of cases and fatalities in both waves. The state of Punjab and Maharashtra reported the highest CFR (3.24 and 2.5 respectively) in the country during the 1st wave, and in the second wave, Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2.6), and Punjab (2.25) reported the highest CFR. The states of Goa and Delhi showed the highest CCR and CDR during the 1st wave respectively, whereas Lakshadweep and Goa reported the highest CCR and CDR respectively in the 2nd wave. The study comprehends the severity of the second wave over all the states of the country and highlights the major hotspots regions and some gaps in mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals A modified SEIR Model with Confinement and Lockdown of COVID-19 for Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas de-Camino-Beck
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Fast Moving ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Contagious Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

The fast moving post-modern society allows for individuals to move fast in and between different countries, making it a perfect situation for the spread of emerging diseases. COVID-19 emerged with properties of a highly contagious disease, that has spread rapidly around the world. SIR/SEIR models are generally used to explain the dynamics of epidemics, however Coronavirus has shown dynamics with constant non-pharmaceutical interventions, making it difficult to model with these simple models. We extend an SEIR model to include a confinement compartment (SEICR) and use this to explain data from COVID-19 epidemic in Costa Rica. Then we discuss possible second wave of infection by adding a time varying function in the model to simulate cyclic interventions.

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