Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002: Neighborhood Perspectives

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Spodek

The 2002 pogrom in the Indian state of Gujarat, and especially in its largest city, Ahmedabad, left about 1,000 Muslims dead in the city, another 1,000 dead in the state, and about 140,000 homeless, some of them still living in relief camps today. The killing, one of the worst in India since partition in 1947, drew responses of horror from across India and the world. Although the assault on Muslims followed an apparent (all the facts will never be known) assault on Hindu pilgrims travelling through the railway station at Godhra, in eastern Gujarat, in which fifty-nine Hindus burned to death, most observers have argued that the response was not commensurate with the attack, and, of course, it targeted not the criminals who may have set the fire, but a community of Muslims 100 miles away.

1921 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Evans

The constitutional convention of Massachusetts which assembled in the city of Boston, June 6, 1917, and finally terminated its labors at a short session of two days in August, 1919, is the fourth body of this kind which the Old Bay State has had. The first convention was held in 1779 and 1780 in Cambridge and Boston, and formulated the constitution of 1780. This instrument, to which sixty-six amendments have been added, is the oldest written constitution now in force anywhere in the world. The second convention was held in 1820, and submitted a series of resolutions part of which were adopted and part rejected by the people. A third convention met in 1853 all of whose proposals were rejected. After an interval of sixty-four years, a fourth convention was called, which met in 1917 and again in 1918 and yet again in 1919. It submitted to the people twenty-two amendments and a revised draft of the constitution, all of which were accepted.The convention was composed of 320 delegates. Of these 16 were elected at large, 4 were elected by each congressional district, and the remaining 240 were elected from the districts created for the purpose of choosing members of the state house of representatives. They were elected without party designations, but before the election took place, the lines between the friends and the opponents of the initiative and referendum were rather sharply drawn, and this served practically all the purposes of party organization and designation. In fact, this question dominated the whole of the first session of the convention and overshadowed other questions which were probably of greater importance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-301
Author(s):  
N. I. Levchenko

The article is devoted to the newspaper «Priishimye», published in 1913–1919 in the city of Petropavlovsk, Akmola region (the territory of Kazakhstan now). It was in this newspaper that the first publication of Vsevolod Ivanov took place (the poem “Winter”, 1915). In 1915– 1916, the newspaper published stories by Vsevolod Ivanov, Anton Sorokin, Kondraty Tupikov and other Siberian writers. The editor of the newspaper since 1914 was Leonid Stepanovich Ushakov (1886 – after 1957). There are published three of his letters to Kondrati Nikiforovich Urmanov (real family Tupikov; 1894–1976), stored in the City Center for the History of the Novosibirsk Book named after N. P. Litvinov (Novosibirsk). The letters were written and sent to the writer in 1957. After the 1920s – early 1930s, Ushakov was not associated with the world of literature; he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and dealt with issues of economy and national economy. The letters to Urmanov contain valuable information about the literary life of Siberia at the beginning of the 20 th century, as well as about the biography and personality of L. S. Ushakov.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Rian Purnama Aji

Singapore as the premiere tourist destination of travelers from Asia, Europe, and the rest of the world. A variety of interesting attractions are scattered throughout the island. In addition, the state of stable state, the absence of political disputes is also a contributing factor. Security and cleanliness are also well know, the number of criminals in Singapore is very low. Beside, Singapore is also have the beauty in the world side, it is the high building with 280 meter that is very amazing to beautify the city area and also Merlion Statue in the Marina Bay. This statue is the statue with animal form but the head is like the fish. This statue is being the Singapore identity.


Terr Plural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Alessandra Severino da Silva Manchinery ◽  
Suzanna Dourado Silva ◽  
Adnilson de Almeida Silva

It is proposed to discuss territorial mobility, the policies of indigenous leaders in the state of Acre, especially the Manchineri, their survival strategies in the world of non-indigenous people so that we can reflect on two changes that we testify in recent decades: mobility for the urban centers that include the indigenous people who were born in the city and those who arrived in the city, as well as its growing support in the country’s indigenous and non-indigenous political discussions in Brazil. The methodological path had as its own perspective of the leaders, for this will be reported their way of life and their involvement in the policies of different spheres of decision. The paper consists of three discussion sections that go from mobility to the political role played by leaders.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Andreea Mihalache

Robert Venturi has repeatedly noted in several interviews and conversations that his upbringing was as a Quaker. The Quakers (or the Society of Friends) have deep historic ties with the state of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia and have had a significant presence in Venturi’s life. I propose to examine the inconspicuous and largely overlooked intersections between the Quaker aesthetics and beliefs and Venturi’s 1950 thesis project, a Chapel for the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania. «In the world, but not of it», Quakers have situated paradox at the core of their material culture: while the physical world was stripped of metaphysical content, craftsmanship was highly valued; while meetinghouses were never sacred spaces, they have always acted as depositories of historical and cultural genealogies. Through the lens of Quaker doctrine and aesthetics, I will examine the role of paradox in Venturi’s design for the Chapel for the Episcopal Academy.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Hafizah Anuar ◽  
◽  
Musfika Gul Akdeniz ◽  
Nazende Yilmaz ◽  
◽  
...  

The British intervention in Malaya resulted in the development of the railways as urgency of the expanding tin and rubber industries. This paper attempted to emphasize on the evolution of the station buildings’ plan types and its train-sheds. Railways were the pioneers of modern transportation introduced by the British in 1885 in Malaya. Although the terrain was the main difficulties in railway developments, they managed to connect the lines through West Coast and East Coast lines until Singapore on the southern part and Bangkok on the northern part in the year 1931. Case studies have been conducted and the analysis on plan type evolution will be made between the station buildings in Malaysia in parallel with station buildings around the world during that time. Together with the growth of the railway, the city blooms where it allows road constructions and buildings with different functions such as administrative buildings, railway station buildings and others started to fill major urban places.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jack Copley

This chapter introduces the concept of financialization, surveys the scholarly literature on this topic, and makes the case for this book’s novel contribution to these debates. It is widely recognized that the world economy has become financialized, yet the role of states in furthering this process has been underexamined. While many accounts point out that states were crucial in propelling financialization through policies of financial liberalization, these accounts tend to argue that the state did so either due to the lobbying power of financial elites and the influence of neoliberal norms or because policymakers were seeking to construct an alternative growth model based on financial accumulation. These two accounts of the role of states in spurring financialization—which can be termed interest-based and ideational explanations and functionalist explanations—fail to capture the reactive and ad hoc nature of the policymaking that resulted in financial liberalization. In the case of Britain, the agenda of financial liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s that propelled the City of London’s ascent was not chiefly driven by lobbying or ideology, nor was it intended to inaugurate a financialized growth model. Instead, by analysing declassified state archives, this book shows that policymakers pursued such policies as short-term measures to navigate through the stagflation crisis of that era. Financial liberalization was deployed in a messy fashion, either to postpone the worst effects of the crisis so as to maintain governing legitimacy, or to enact painful economic restructuring in a manner that shielded the state from political backlash.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo De Giosa

Chapter 2 traces the evolution of heritage politics in Malaysia since the era when European principles of conservation privileged architectural grandeur and monumental heritage. Since the 1980s Melaka’s institutions have turned the buildings in the old civic area into museums celebrating a glorified past. At the same time, the state has embraced a developmentalist agenda. The World Heritage bid attracted the interest of real estate developers, bringing to the city a number of projects of the type it had never experienced before. In between the visions of an ‘Old Melaka’ and a ‘New Melaka’, the state and civil society have been increasingly involved in a new era of heritage politics following more recent UNESCO-derived shifts towards non-monumental forms of heritage and cultural diversity.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Narbut

В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Gabriel

Abstract Among the deepest subway systems in the world, the Pyongyang Metro is marked by an ostensible disjunction with the space of the North Korean capital above it. Rather than referencing street names or landmarks above ground, each of the seventeen stations on the metro is named after and designed according to a revolutionary theme, ranging from “victory” to “reunification.” Furthermore, the metro stations contain no maps of Pyongyang, and city maps do not indicate the locations of the metro stations. This essay draws on visual evidence and North Korean textual sources in order to demonstrate that the apparent bifurcation of the metro and the city space stems from the North Korean state’s chuch’e ideology, which holds that ideas, rather than material conditions, determine reality. I demonstrate how the architectural design and mosaic murals of the metro stations evidence an attempt to cast the space of the metro as a realm of revolutionary thought detached from the material world above ground. Beyond merely reflecting the ideology of the state, however, the artistic forms comprising the metro also give rise to aesthetic effects that are irreducible to the narrative content signaled by the themes of the stations, thereby complicating understandings of how so-called totalitarian art operates in relation to the ideological context in which it is produced.


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