scholarly journals Spatial correlations in geographical spreading of COVID-19 in the United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy McMahon ◽  
Adrian Chan ◽  
Shlomo Havlin ◽  
Lazaros K. Gallos
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Length ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
The Usa ◽  
High Virus

AbstractThe global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has followed complex pathways, largely attributed to the high virus infectivity, human travel patterns, and the implementation of multiple mitigation measures. The resulting geographic patterns describe the evolution of the epidemic and can indicate areas that are at risk of an outbreak. Here, we analyze the spatial correlations of new active cases in the USA at the county level and characterize the extent of these correlations at different times. We show that the epidemic did not progress uniformly and we identify various stages which are distinguished by significant differences in the correlation length. Our results indicate that the correlation length may be large even during periods when the number of cases declines. We find that correlations between urban centers were much more significant than between rural areas and this finding indicates that long-range spreading was mainly facilitated by travel between cities, especially at the first months of the epidemic. We also show the existence of a percolation transition in November 2020, when the largest part of the country was connected to a spanning cluster, and a smaller-scale transition in January 2021, with both times corresponding to the peak of the epidemic in the country.

University-centred entrepreneurial ecosystems in resource-constrained contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1166
Author(s):  
Zsolt Bedő ◽  
Katalin Erdős ◽  
Luke Pittaway
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Entrepreneurship Ecosystems

PurposeResearch on entrepreneurial ecosystems has advanced over recent years and has become a popular topic. Despite the interest, previous work has focused on entrepreneurial ecosystems in large cities in the United States. Ecosystems in small cities, underpopulated rural areas, university towns and outside the USA have not been considered much. This paper begins to address this deficit by reviewing three groups of literature.Design/methodology/approachFrom the review, the paper builds a conceptual framework to consider entrepreneurial ecosystems led by universities. After summarizing the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial universities and entrepreneurship education, the paper suggests a conceptual framework outlying the structure, components and mechanisms that enable universities to operate as catalysts in the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems.FindingsIt is evident that on many of the “ingredients” of a successful entrepreneurial ecosystem, a resource-constrained environment would have many gaps. Building an entrepreneurship ecosystem in such contexts would be inherently challenging. The model presented suggests that the presence of a university in such locations should enhance the prospects of progress but that the nature of the university itself would impact any outcomes. Universities that make concerted efforts to be entrepreneurial and that have entrepreneurship programmes have strategies available to them that can enhance entrepreneurship ecosystems over time.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is to show “how” a university and its entrepreneurship programme can operationally address deficits in a local ecosystem and how it might bring about positive change. The paper also opens new avenues for entrepreneurship education researchers.

White Internal Migration to American Cities, 1940–1980

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Berry
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The North

An overview of Euro-American internal migration in the United States between 1940 and 1980 explores the overall population movement away from rural areas to cities and suburban areas. Although focused on white Americans and their migrations, there are similarities to the Great Migration of African Americans, who continued to move out of the South during the mid-20th century. In the early period, the industrial areas in the North and West attracted most of the migrants. Mobilization for World War II loosened rural dwellers who were long kept in place by low wages, political disfranchisement, and low educational attainment. The war also attracted significant numbers of women to urban centers in the North and West. After the war, migration increased, enticing white Americans to become not just less rural but also increasingly suburban. The growth of suburbs throughout the country was prompted by racial segregation in housing that made many suburban areas white and earmarked many urban areas for people of color. The result was incredible growth in suburbia: from 22 million living in those areas in 1940 to triple that in 1970. Later in the period, as the Steelbelt rusted, the rise of the West as a migration magnet was spurred by development strategies, federal investment in infrastructure, and military bases. Sunbelt areas were making investments that stood ready to recruit industries and of course people, especially from Rustbelt areas in the North. By the dawn of the 21st century, half of the American population resided in suburbs.

Firearm Prevalence and Homicide

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Rural Location ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Relationship

Examinations of firearm prevalence and crime have produced mixed results. The mixed research results and lack of knowledge about the amount of firearms in the United States make it difficult for researchers to assess the role that firearm prevalence plays in crime. The current analysis argues that the equivocal results could be due to location type because different locations may define the use and ownership of a firearm in different ways. Densely packed urban centers may be affected by firearm prevalence differently than sparsely populated rural areas. The current analysis created metro, nonmetro, and rural location types to examine the relationship between firearm prevalence and homicide. The findings illustrate that firearm prevalence significantly predicts the number of homicides in metro counties but does not significantly predict firearm prevalence for nonmetro and rural counties.

scholarly journals Socio-economic disparities and COVID-19 in the USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Philipp Englert ◽  
Melinda Varga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Us Census

COVID-19 is not a universal killer. We study the spread of COVID-19 at the county level for the United States up until the 15th of August, 2020. We show that the prevalence of the disease and the death rate are correlated with the local socio-economic conditions often going beyond local population density distributions, especially in rural areas. We correlate the COVID-19 prevalence and death rate with data from the US Census Bureau and point out how the spreading patterns of the disease show asymmetries in urban and rural areas separately and is preferentially affecting the counties where a large fraction of the population is non-white. Our findings can be used for more targeted policy building and deployment of resources for future occurrence of a pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2. Our methodology, based on interpretable machine learning and game theory, can be extended to study the spread of other diseases.

Suicides in Urban and Rural Counties in the United States, 2006–2008

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica B. Searles ◽  
Morgan A. Valley ◽  
Holly Hedegaard ◽  
Marian E. Betz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Health Features ◽  
Commit Suicide

Background: Suicide rates are higher in rural areas. It has been hypothesized that inadequate access to care may play a role, but studies examining individual decedent characteristics are lacking. Aims: We sought to characterize the demographic, socioeconomic, and mental health features of individual suicide decedents by urban–rural residence status. Method: We analyzed suicides in 16 states using 2006–2008 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System and examined associations between decedent residence type and suicide variables with separate logistic regressions adjusted for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results: Of 17,504 analyzed suicides, 78% were in urban, 15% in rural adjacent, and 8% in rural nonadjacent locations. Rural decedents were less likely than urban decedents to have a mental health diagnosis or mental health care, although the prevalence of depressed moods appeared similar. Most suicides were by firearm, and rural decedents were more likely than urban decedents to have used a firearm. Conclusion: Rural decedents were less likely to be receiving mental health care and more likely to use firearms to commit suicide. A better understanding of geographic patterns of suicide may aid prevention efforts.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of an Integrated Solar Dehumidification System with HVAC in A Typical Corner Store in the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad A. Almehmadi ◽  
Kevin P. Hallinan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Baseline Model ◽  
Corner Store ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Food deserts have emerged in underserved urban and rural areas throughout the United States. Corner markets have filled the food voids, but generally without offering residents access to healthy food. The economics for doing so are prohibitive. The purpose of the study is to investigate an opportunity for reducing corner store energy costs in order to make possible retail of fresh produce and meat. Given the typical dominance of refrigeration to the energy cost in such stores, an integrated solar dehumidification system with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is considered. A typical corner store baseline reliant upon conventional refrigeration and HVAC equipment is defined to serve as a basis for comparison. MATLAB Simulink dynamic models are developed for the posed system and baseline model. The results show energy reduction in the refrigerated cabinets of maximally 28%, 27%, and 20%, respectively, in Dayton, OH, Phoenix, AZ, and Pine Bluff, AR. The respective HVAC energy savings are respectively 28%, 56%, and 4%. Collectively these correspond to total annual energy savings of 43%, 51%, and 53%, translating to annual energy cost savings of greater than $12K in all locations.

scholarly journals Continental-scale distributions of dust-associated bacteria and fungi

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (18) ◽  
pp. 5756-5761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Barberán ◽  
Joshua Ladau ◽  
Jonathan W. Leff ◽  
Katherine S. Pollard ◽  
Holly L. Menninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

It has been known for centuries that microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, where they are capable of long-distance dispersal. Likewise, it is well-established that these airborne bacteria and fungi can have myriad effects on human health, as well as the health of plants and livestock. However, we have a limited understanding of how these airborne communities vary across different geographic regions or the factors that structure the geographic patterns of near-surface microbes across large spatial scales. We collected dust samples from the external surfaces of ∼1,200 households located across the United States to understand the continental-scale distributions of bacteria and fungi in the near-surface atmosphere. The microbial communities were highly variable in composition across the United States, but the geographic patterns could be explained by climatic and soil variables, with coastal regions of the United States sharing similar airborne microbial communities. Although people living in more urbanized areas were not found to be exposed to distinct outdoor air microbial communities compared with those living in more rural areas, our results do suggest that urbanization leads to homogenization of the airborne microbiota, with more urban communities exhibiting less continental-scale geographic variability than more rural areas. These results provide our first insight into the continental-scale distributions of airborne microbes, which is information that could be used to identify likely associations between microbial exposures in outdoor air and incidences of disease in crops, livestock, and humans.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Immigrants in Western Greece Region: Urban – Rural Continuum or Divide?

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Iosifides ◽  
Thanasis Kizos ◽  
Elektra Petracou ◽  
Ekaterini Malliotaki ◽  
Konstantina Katsimantou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Western Greece

This paper aims at an investigation of factors of differentiation of basic social and economic characteristics of foreign immigrants in the Region of Western Greece. The paper explores whether the thesis of urban-rural divide is relevant for the differentiation of immigrants’ socio-economic characteristics in a typical Region of Greece, where there is a strong interplay between major urban centers and large rural areas. Findings show that spatial factors play a very limited role in the differentiation of socio-economic characteristics of immigrants and indicate that other factors are more important. Thus, and as regards socio-economic characteristics of immigrants, the overall picture is that of urban-rural continuum rather than divide. 

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