scholarly journals Effect of NaCl road salt on the ionic composition of soils and Aesculus hippocastanum L. foliage and leaf damage intensity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Łuczak ◽  
Izabela Czerniawska-Kusza ◽  
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska ◽  
Grzegorz Kusza
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Roadside Soils ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractWe investigated the accumulation of sodium chloride in roadside soils and common horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. under urban conditions to evaluate changes in soil and leaf ionic content and their relationship with foliar damage, considering the visual assessment of trees of the same health status. A total of 15 field sites were assessed in late June 2016. The analysis included soil granulometric composition, pH, electrical conductivity, and the content of Cl−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in soil and foliage samples. The results showed increased salinity and alkalization of roadside soils together with the decreased magnesium content. Foliage samples manifested significantly higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl−. A wide range of Cl− content was noted in leaves (2.0–11.8% d.w.) regardless of their damage index. On the contrary, leaf damage was strongly correlated with increasing Na+ concentrations and decreasing K+ and Mg2+. A severe imbalance of nutrients, and therefore poor urban tree vitality, can be attributed to the excessive accumulation of de-icing salt. However, further research would be needed to clarify the discrepancy between the extent of leaf damage and chloride content.

scholarly journals The influence of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) on the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system of protection of the assimilating organs of Aesculus hippocastanum in an urbogenic environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Shupranova ◽  
K. K. Holoborodko ◽  
O. V. Seliutina ◽  
O. Y. Pakhomov
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Chestnut Leaf

In the last two decades, the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), introduced into the steppe zone of Ukraine, has been severely affected by the horse chestnut leaf miner Camereraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič, 1986, which results in damage to the assimilating organs, premature leaf defoliation and, as a consequence, a significant reduction in the reserve substances required for normal life of the plant. In recent studies, the main focus has been placed on the study of the pest’s effects on the non-enzymatic antioxidant protection system of the representatives of the genus Aesculus, while the enzymatic system of horse chestnut protection from the active forms of oxygen under stress is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reaction of catalase and two peroxidases of A. hippocastanum leaves, which differ in the level of damage by C. ohridella. The intensity of damage to A. hippocastanum leaves by the horse chestnut leaf miner in the park zones and botanical gardens of Dnipro city was determined, the activity and isoenzyme composition of benzidine-peroxidase, activity of guaiacol-peroxidase and catalase were measured. The lowest average benzidine-peroxidase activity was found in the group of trees with low level of leaf blight and the highest activity – in the group with high level. The opposite dependence was shown by catalase, the activity of which significantly decreases with increasing level of damage inflicted by the phytophage on the chestnut’s assimilating organs. Based on the determination of the variation coefficients, it has been shown that benzidine-peroxidase activity has a higher level of variability than that of catalase and guaiacol-peroxidase. It is established that under the influence of the leaf miner, activity of guaiacol-peroxidase was significantly higher by 87.1% and 75.6%, respectively, for medium and high levels of damage caused to the leaf by this phytophage as compared to that for low levels of damage. The increased level of leaf damage caused by the phytophage is reflected in the change in the isozyme profile of benzidine-peroxidase. The high activity of benzidine-peroxidase in the leaves of A. hippocastanum is due to the presence of several molecular forms that exhibit maximum activity in the narrow pH range (4.15–4.69). Quantitative redistribution of activity between the different molecular forms of benzidine peroxidase can be considered as the main regularity of changes in the expression of benzidine-peroxidase caused by different levels of leaf damage. The results showed that only one benzidine-peroxidase isoform with an isoelectric point of 4.15 shows a significant increase in activity (on average by 2.1 times) in A. hippocastanum leaves with medium and high levels of damage by C. ohridella. Significant reduction in activity is reported for dominant isoperoxidase with an isoelectric point of 4.25 revealing medium pest damage, and for high damage only a decreasing tendency is shown. The data obtained show that horse chestnut trees can specifically respond to mechanical damage by C. ohridella to leaves due to the changes in the activity of individual molecular forms of peroxidase. Further studies of oxidative metabolism are needed to understand the formation of resistance of representatives of the Aesculus genus to damage caused by this moth species based on a wider range of redox enzymes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the influence of heavy metals on the degree of damage Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič, 1986 leaf surface of Aesculus hippocastanum Linnaeus, 1753

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
O. V. Seliutina ◽  
K. K. Holoborodko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Forage Plant ◽  
Leaf Tissues

The work presents the results of research on effect of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) on degree of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum Linnaeus, 1753) leaf surface damage by chestnut miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič, 1986) caterpillars. Analysis of leaf blade damage of the forage plant species by C. ohridella was conducted for four years (2017–2021). The research covered all the main park urban ecosystems in Dnipro city where horse chestnut trees were planted. Monitoring was carried out during the three summer months, which corresponds to the main feeding period of the three most active C. ohridella generations (I, II, and III). About 96 samples were used and prepared for atomic absorption analysis to study the content of heavy metals in A. hippocastanum leaf blades. On the territory of the park ecosystems in Dnipro city, eight groups of model horse chestnut trees of 20–30 years of age were identified which have similar morphological and taxonomic features but different degrees of leaf damage by C. ohridella miner. Since the plantations of horse chestnut are mainly located in an urban environment, we conducted research to test the hypothesis about the influence of heavy metals on C. ohridella vital activity. Presumably, the content of heavy metals also affects the degree of leaf blade damage. In this regard, we conducted research on the content of heavy metals in A. hippocastanum leaf tissues. It was found that accumulation in the horse chestnut leaf tissues of four basic heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) contained in all urban environments depends on the orographic features of the area where A. hippocastanum trees grow. It also was found that the higher in relief were located the horse chestnut plantings, the greater the percentage of their invasion by the miner, and this trend was observed during the three summer months. For example, in the Manuylivsky Park where horse chestnut trees are located at 56 m above sea level, the average leaf invasion by the miner in August is 14%; in the same month in Oles Honchar Dnipro National University Botanical Garden (149 m), the level of invasion was 78%. Research on the effects of heavy metals on C. ohridella populations also showed significant differences by the types of urban ecosystems. It was found that the higher content of heavy metals in the leaf tissues in a forage plant, the greater percentage of their surface damage by mines.

scholarly journals FLAVONOIDS FROM THE BUDS OF THE HORSE CHESTNUT (AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Pavel Viktorovich Belov
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time

The buds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hippocastanaceae family) is a new promising species of medicinal plant raw material. The prospect of studying the buds of this plant is due to the content of flavonoids in them, which have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Flavonoids are interesting for their capillary-strengthening action, which allows them to be used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. This fact is consistent with the practice of using drugs from other organs of horse chestnut (seeds, leaves) as venotonic and angioprotective drugs. In addition, flavonoids are also characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The actuality of the study of horse chestnut buds as a new type of medicinal plant material is also supported by the need to develop of the new effective and safe drugs based on the raw materials of this plant. The aim of this study was to determine the flavonoid composition of the buds of Aesulus hippocastanum. In the course of the work from the buds of horse chestnut by the method of column chromatography on silica gel L 100/160 was for the first time there were isolated and characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry the flavonoid compounds rhamnocitrin (7-O-methylkaempferol), and accompanying 7,4′-dimethylkaempferol. The dominant and diagnostic significant flavonoid for the horse chestnut buds is rhamnocitrin. The results indicate the prospects for further study of the buds of the horse chestnut as a new type of medicinal plant raw materials.

scholarly journals Effect of Cameraria ohridella on accumulation of proteins, peroxidase activity and composition in Aesculus hippocastanum leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
O. V. Seliutina ◽  
L. V. Shupranova ◽  
K. K. Holoborodko ◽  
M. V. Shulman ◽  
Y. P. Bobylev
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Peroxidase Isozymes ◽  
Enzyme Isoforms ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
High Level

This study analyzed the dynamics of leaf damage, the content of easily soluble proteins, benzidine-peroxidase activity and the composition of acid enzyme isoforms in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum L. under the influence of the chestnut miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) in plantations in one of the Ukraine’s largest industrial cities Dnipro, located in the steppe zone of Ukraine. During July-August, the destruction of leaves by the pest in relatively stable horse chestnut trees increased to 13.3%, while in unstable trees it increased to 97.5%. The maximum amount of protein was found in horse chestnut leaves in July, which decreased significantly in August and correlated with the level of leaf damage by the pest. The horse chestnut leaves were characterized by a more than twofold increase in cytoplasmic peroxidase activity in cases of high level of damage to the leaves by the phytophage. These observations indicate that consumption of the leaves by C. ohridella causes oxidative stress, which leads to the activation of enzyme. The horse chestnut trees have been shown to respond specifically to the attack of C. ohridella due to changes in the activity of individual peroxidase isozymes, the expression of which varies across the spectrum. In the leaves of the horse chestnut trees with a high level of damage by miner, the expression of enzyme isoforms in the pH range of 4.08–4.15 is significantly activated, which can be considered as a reliable biochemical marker of plant sensitivity of Ae. hippocastanum to phytophagous attack by C. ohridella. However, increase in the degree of phytophage invasion does not change the activity of isoperoxidase 4.21, and isoperoxidase with pI 4.25, 4.42 and 4.58 correspond to a decrease in activity compared with relatively resistant Ae. hippocastanum plants. We noted that the high total activity of peroxidase, as well as active adjustments in the spectrum of the peroxidase system, obviously, contribute to maintaining the functional integrity of the photosynthetic system of leaves of Ae. hippocastanum under the influence of the chestnut miner C. ohridella by neutralizing reactive oxygen species.

scholarly journals Analytical Concentrations of Some Elements in Seeds and Crude Extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum, by ICP-OES Technique

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Caterina Durante ◽  
Marina Cocchi ◽  
Lisa Lancellotti ◽  
Laura Maletti ◽  
Andrea Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Commercial Sample ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Crude Extracts

The metal content in some samples of horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) was monitored over time (years 2016–2019) considering the two most common and representative Mediterranean varieties: the pure species (AHP, which gives white flowers) and a hybrid one (AHH, which gives pink flowers). The selected elemental composition of the samples was determined by applying the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique. Several samples obtained from different preliminary treatments of the peeled seeds were examined, such as: (i) floury samples (wild-type) mineralized with the wet method; (ii) the ashes of both AHP and AHH varieties; (iii) the fraction of total inorganic soluble salts (TISS). Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic crude extracts (as a tincture) were obtained according to the official Pharmacopoeia methods, and the relevant results were compared with those of a commercial sample, an herbal product-food supplement of similar characteristics. The main characteristics of this research work underline that the two botanical varieties give different distinctive characters, due to the Fe content (80.05 vs. 1.42 mg/100 g d.s., for AHP and AHH wild-type flour samples, respectively), along with K, Ca, Mn, Ni and Cu, which are more abundant in the AHP samples. Furthermore, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the experimental dataset in order to classify and discriminate the samples, in relation to their similar botanical origin, but different for the color of the bloom. These results can be useful for the traceability of raw materials potentially intended for the production of auxiliary systems of pharmacological interest.

Guignardia aesculi. [Distribution map].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Guignardia aesculi (Peck) V.B. Stewart. Hosts: horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and other Aesculus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.

scholarly journals Influence of Pure Mulches on Suppressing Phytophthora Root Rot Pathogens

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
Lesion Severity

Mulching as a means of controlling Phytophthora root rot pathogens has become recognised as a potential cultural management system within the arboricultural, nursery and landscape industry. The influence of a pure mulch, i.e., mulch derived solely from one tree species, on reducing Phytophthora root rot severity has received little study. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine if a range of pure mulches derived from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna JACQ), silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH.), common cherry (Prunus avium L.), evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) and English oak (Q. robur L.) could reduce the development and impact of pathogen severity caused by Phytophthora cactorum and P. criticola on containerised horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Irrespective of Phytophthora pathogen, leaf area, leaf, shoot, root and total plant dry weight following application of a pure mulch was higher than non-mulched controls. Likewise, leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratios, photosynthetic rates and root carbohydrate concentration as measures of tree vitality were higher in pure mulched compared to non-mulched control trees. Application of a pure mulch had a significant influence on Phytophthora root rot lesion severity. In the case of P. cactorum root rot lesion severity was reduced by 39–63%. In the case of P. criticola root rot lesion severity was reduced by 33–61%. In conclusion, pure mulches offer positive benefits for those involved in the care and maintenance of urban trees as well as nursery, forestry, orchard and horticultural crop production where Phytophthora pathogens are problematic.

scholarly journals STUDIES REGARDING THE MORPHOLOGY OF HORSE CHESTNUT LEAFMINER΄ S LARVA (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič)

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Pop ◽  
Oana Pop ◽  
G. Cuc ◽  
I. Oltean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Origin Area

Horse leafminer of ornamental chestnut (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič) spread in Europe very quickly and produces important damages to species like Aesculus especially to Aesculus hippocastanum L. Science peoples from European countries where this pest is present, were and are concern by all the aspects regarding this pest: origin, area of spread, morphology, biology and fighting. The present paper completes the aspect of morphology of larva by photos of larvae using electron microscope in different development stages, so to can determinate the medium size of larvae in every stage, inclusive aspects regarding the segments characteristics of thorax and abdomen. This characteristics help to determinate the larval stage of development .

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