scholarly journals Behavioral variation according to feeding organ diversification in glossiphoniid leeches (Phylum: Annelida)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Jin Kwak ◽  
Jung-Hyeuk Kim ◽  
Joo-Young Kim ◽  
Donggu Jeon ◽  
Doo-Hyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Variation ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Structural Differences

AbstractAdaptive radiation is a phenomenon in which various organs are diversified morphologically or functionally as animals adapt to environmental inputs. Leeches exhibit a variety of ingestion behaviors and morphologically diverse ingestion organs. In this study, we investigated the correlation between behavioral pattern and feeding organ structure of leech species. Among them, we found that Alboglossiphonia sp. swallows prey whole using its proboscis, whereas other leeches exhibit typical fluid-sucking behavior. To address whether the different feeding behaviors are intrinsic, we investigated the behavioral patterns and muscle arrangements in the earlier developmental stage of glossiphoniid leeches. Juvenile Glossiphoniidae including the Alboglossiphonia sp. exhibit the fluid ingestion behavior and have the proboscis with the compartmentalized muscle layers. This study provides the characteristics of leeches with specific ingestion behaviors, and a comparison of structural differences that serves as the first evidence of the proboscis diversification.

Diversification of Leech Proboscis Structure According to Prey Ingestion Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Jin Kwak ◽  
Jung-Hyeuk Kim ◽  
Joo-Young Kim ◽  
Donggu Jeon ◽  
Doo-Hyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Feeding Tube ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Invertebrate Models

Abstract Background Adaptive radiation is a phenomenon in which various organs, depending on their diet and circumstance, are diversified morphologically or functionally as animals adapt to the environment. Although previous studies on changes caused by various external pressures have been well studied, the evidence for variation in invertebrates is not well known. We used freshwater leeches as an invertebrate model to observe their specific trophic niche and diversity of ingestion organ. Our results show convergent evolution according to structural changes through a representative species Alboglossiphonia sp., and the origin from common ancestor due to the remaining fluid ingestion behavior of the larval stages as a vestige.Results We identified the feeding behavior of rhynchobdellid leeches, which have the proboscis. Alboglossiphonia sp. swallows the entire prey using its proboscis, whereas proboscis leeches exhibit typical fluid-sucking behavior. We observed that proboscis of fluid-sucking leeches encompasses compartmentalized and dense muscle layers. In contrast, macrophagous leeches have relatively simple esophagus structures. To address whether the different feeding behaviors were intrinsic, we investigated the behavioral pattern and muscle arrangement in the earlier developmental stage of rhynchobdellid leeches. Interestingly, juveniles of the macrophagous leech as well as fluid-sucking leeches have the proboscis with the compartmentalized muscle layers and exhibit fluid-sucking behaviorsConclusions Animals have adapted various ways to obtain the energy needed for their survival. Diversification and evolution of ingestion methods across species further exhibit the functional morphology of the ingestion organ. However, information on ingestion behavior and internal structure is still lack and unclear, especially in invertebrate models. Our results suggest that the proboscis leeches have originated from the common fluid-sucking glossiphoniid ancestor and species diversification has led to modifications in the structure of the feeding tube. Together, leeches represent a comparative model for esophagus development according to the ingestion pattern based on diverse muscular arrangement in proboscis.

scholarly journals Structural comparison of the rostra of two species of weevils coexisting on Ailanthus altissima: the response to ecological demands of egg deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganyu Zhang ◽  
Wenjuan Guo ◽  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Structural Comparison ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Abstract Background Elongated rostra play an important role in the egg-laying of weevils, and its emergence plays a key role in the adaptive radiation of weevils. Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky and E. brandti Harold co-occur on the same only host Ailanthus altissima, while their oviposition sites are different. In order to understand the adaptation between the rostra of the two weevils and their oviposition sites, the structural differentiation of the rostra in E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was compared. Results The present study reveals that: (1) The rostra length of E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was found to be correlated with body size, larger weevils have a correspondingly longer rostrum. The increase of rostra length may be a byproduct of larger weevils. (2) There were significant differences in the external shape of the two rostra, especially the shape of the mandibles of the mouthparts at the apex of the rostra used to excavate an oviposition cavity. (3) There was no difference in the size of the abductor muscles that control the extension of the mandibles, but there were significant differences in the size of the adductor muscles that control the contraction of the mandibles. Conclusions These structural differences reflect the functional potential ovipositional tactics of rostra, which is considered to be a response to the ecological demands of egg deposition, and also provide new insights into the coexistence of two weevil species in the same host A. altissima.

Application of EDM to Understand the Online Students' Behavioral Pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Naito Mendes Bezerra ◽  
Márcia Terra da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Educational Data Mining ◽  
Learning Management Systems ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Online Course ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Online Access

In distance learning, the professor cannot see that the students are having trouble with a subject, and can fail to perceive the problem in time to intervene. However, in learning management systems (LMS's) a large volume of data regarding online access, participation and progress can be registered and collected allowing analysis based on students' behavioral patterns. As traditional methods have a limited capacity to extract knowledge from big volumes of data, educational data mining (EDM) arises as a tool to help teachers interpreting the behavior of students. The objective of the present article is to describe the application of educational data mining technics aiming to obtain relevant knowledge of students' behavioral patterns in an LMS for an online course, with 1,113 students enrolled. This paper applies two algorithms on educational context, decision tree and clustering, unveiling unknown relevant aspects to professors and managers, such as the most important examinations that contribute to students' approval as well as the most significant attributes to their success.

scholarly journals The Connection between Teachers’ Attributional Style and Behavioral Patterns in Professional Conflicts

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
В.И. Казаренков ◽  
Н.С. Оськин
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Professional Interaction ◽  
Professional Conflicts

В статье раскрываются целесообразность и прогностическая ценность атрибутивного подхода к изучению конфликтов в деловом взаимодействии преподавателей. На основе анализа теоретических концепций обосновывается, что индивидуальная склонность преподавателя типично использовать внутренний или внешний вектор атрибуции определяет восприятие другого субъекта взаимодействия, в том числе и конфликтного, либо как потенциального партнера, либо как конкурента и тем самым опосредует выбор субъектом атрибуции соответствующей стратегии поведения в конфликте. Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования, где раскрывается содержание и направленность корреляционных взаимосвязей между оптимистичностью в достижениях и во взаимоотношениях с другими, стабильностью как параметрами стиля атрибуции личности и стратегиями компромисса, сотрудничества, приспособления, избегания и соперничества как паттернами поведения преподавателя в конфликтном деловом взаимодействии. Результаты исследования представляют практическую ценность для психологов и специалистов учреждений образования при разработке профилактических и коррекционных мероприятий, направленных на управление конфликтами в педагогических коллективах. The article treats the relevance and the prognostic value of attributional approach to the investigation of conflicts in educators’ professional interaction. The analysis of theoretical concepts enables the author to conclude that educators’ individual inclination to use the inner or outer vectors of attribution defines the perception of other subjects of the interaction (including conflicting situations) as potential partners or as competitors and, therefore, influences the choice of a respective behavioral pattern. The article presents the results of an empirical research that reveals the content and the direction of correlated links between achievement-associated optimism, stability as a parameter of personal attribution and strategies of compromise, cooperation, adjustment, avoidance, competitiveness as behavioral patterns in a conflicting professional interaction. The results of the research are valid for psychologists and educators who develop prophylactic and correctional strategies aimed at the management of conflicts in pedagogical teams.

scholarly journals Behavioral patterns and movement intensity of Sotalia guianensis (P. J. van Bénéden) (Cetacea, Delphinidae) in two different areas on the Brazilian coast

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio G. Daura-Jorge ◽  
Marcos R. Rossi-Santos ◽  
Leonardo L. Wedekin ◽  
Paulo C. Simões-Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Sotalia Guianensis ◽  
Pattern Frequency ◽  
Movement Intensity ◽  
Estuarine Dolphin ◽  
Two Populations

The behavioral patterns of the estuarine dolphin, Sotalia guianensis (P. J. van Bénéden, 1864), were compared between two populations along the Brazilian coast: Caravelas (Bahia), along the eastern coast, and Norte Bay (Santa Catarina), along the southern coast. Applying the focal-group sampling in both areas, information such as the geographic position (UTM) of groups and predominant behavioral patterns were obtained. Geographic positions were used to calculate the total distance traveled by estuarine dolphin groups on each observation day. Since the distance traveled varies with time, the daily mean speed of the dolphin’s group was used as an index of movement intensity. Two comparable and easily recognizable behavioral patterns were considered: travelling and foraging. Overall movement intensity and behavioral pattern frequency were similar between both areas. However, a seasonal variation was observed in both parameters in Norte Bay, while in Caravelas these parameters were homogeneous throughout the year. Variation in the behavior of the estuarine dolphin was consistent with variations in environmental factors, such as water temperature.

scholarly journals Stability of Network Communities as a Function of Task Complexity

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2030-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Fuertinger ◽  
Kristina Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Approximation Quality ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Behavior Network ◽  
Leave One Out

The analysis of the community architecture in functional brain networks has revealed important relations between specific behavioral patterns and characteristic features of the associated functional organization. Numerous studies have assessed changes in functional communities during different states of awareness, learning, information processing, and various behavioral patterns. The robustness of detected communities within a network has been an often-discussed topic in complex systems research. However, our knowledge regarding the intersubject stability of functional communities in the human brain while performing different tasks is still lacking. In this study, we examined the variability of functional communities in weighted undirected graphs based on fMRI recordings of healthy participants across three conditions: the resting state, syllable production as a simple vocal motor task, and meaningful speech production representing a complex behavioral pattern with cognitive involvement. On the basis of the constructed empirical networks, we simulated a large cohort of artificial graphs and performed a leave-one-out stability analysis to assess the sensitivity of communities in the group-averaged networks with respect to perturbations in the averaging cohort. We found that the stability of partitions derived from group-averaged networks depended on task complexity. The determined community architecture in mean networks reflected within-behavior network stability and between-behavior flexibility of the human functional connectome. The sensitivity of functional communities increased from rest to syllable production to speaking, which suggests that the approximation quality of the community structure in the average network to reflect individual per-participant partitions depends on task complexity.

scholarly journals A study on change in behavioral pattern with reference to the select novels of Amitav Ghosh

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1189-1195
Author(s):  
Dr. Sreela.B, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Amitav Ghosh ◽  
Cultural Changes

This article is an attempt to illustrate the different ways through which culture gets transformed as a result of contact with other cultures. The desire to gain sociability forms ground for cultural changes such as accultration, assimilation, diffusion and other types of cultural changes. Amitav Ghosh is a prolific writer who occupies an invincible space among the national and also the international writers. Six of his novels are analysed to study the changes in the behavioral patterns of the characters in the novel. Cognition is a mighty factor that conditions the thoughts of every human. The desire to garner solidarity and establish sociability is the chief reason for cultural compromises. Therefore, Georg Simmel’s theory on sociabilities is taken into account to support this study.

scholarly journals Effects of Domestic Violence on Behavioral Patterns of Female in Multan City

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Alia Hussain ◽  
Dr. Saima Afzal ◽  
Allah Dad
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Physical And Psychological Violence ◽  
The Impact

This study is conducted to find out the impact of domestic violence on the behavioral pattern of females experiencing violence. To fulfill the purpose of this research work, the researcher tried to approach those females who experienced domestic violence by their families and the researcher went to those institutes which only were dealing with these types of cases. A sample of 106 respondents (Shaheed Benazir women crisis center (46), Dar ul Aman (30), Dar ul Falah(30) was selected by using simple random sampling. The result confirmed that domestic violence had a significant impact on behavioral patterns. There is also a significant relationship between physical and psychological violence and change in behavioral patterns. The researchers conclude that most of the respondent’s husbands physically or psychologically brutalize them and domestic violence is a serious issue that affects the behavioral pattern of females. The study suggests that policies should be enforced to stop domestic violence and a change in the normative framework is required for the socialization of sons/males to establish gender equality and equity.

scholarly journals Identifying spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris longirostris movement and behavioral patterns to inform conservation strategies in Maui Nui, Hawai‘i

2020 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
SH Stack ◽  
GL Olson ◽  
V Neamtu ◽  
AF Machernis ◽  
RW Baird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Stenella Longirostris ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Spinner Dolphins ◽  
Federal Management ◽  
Resting Behavior

Spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris longirostris in Hawai‘i exhibit a predictable diurnal behavioral pattern which makes them vulnerable to human disturbance: feeding at night in offshore waters and resting during daytime in bays. There is concern that human activity, such as swimming with and viewing wild dolphins from vessels, is altering their natural behavioral patterns and preventing them from having adequate rest. In light of this, state and federal management agencies are proposing enhanced protection measures. Research on spinner dolphins has largely focused off Hawai‘i Island and there are insufficient data from Maui Nui (Maui, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, and Moloka‘i) to inform appropriate management measures for the genetically distinct stock that resides around these islands. Using location data from 316 encounters between 1996 and 2019, we identified 2 hotspots for spinner dolphins within the region, located along west Maui and south Lāna‘i. The predominant behavior observed was traveling, and there was little resting behavior documented throughout the study period, with no resting behavior observed along the coastline of Maui. Our findings revealed that spinner dolphins use a wide variety of available habitat in Maui Nui and were observed resting both near the shore of Lāna‘i and in the channels between islands. Based upon these findings, the proposed lone area for closure in south Maui is inadequate for providing protection to spinner dolphins during resting hours, and we propose that the identified hotspots be considered as additional sites for closures, in addition to an approach limit for vessels transiting Maui Nui.

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