scholarly journals Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Xiao ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Zhao-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Poor Welfare

AbstractHere we document 47,381 individuals from 38 species, including 31 protected species sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan’s markets. We note that no pangolins (or bats) were traded, supporting reformed opinion that pangolins were not likely the spillover host at the source of the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While we caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins, the wild animals on sale in Wuhan suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and we detail a range of other zoonotic infections they can potentially vector. Nevertheless, in a precautionary response to COVID-19, China’s Ministries temporarily banned all wildlife trade on 26th Jan 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic concludes, and permanently banned eating and trading terrestrial wild (non-livestock) animals for food on 24th Feb 2020. These interventions, intended to protect human health, redress previous trading and enforcement inconsistencies, and will have collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation and animal welfare.

scholarly journals Recent advances in biomedical, biosensor and clinical measurement devices for use in humans and the potential application of these technologies for the study of physiology and disease in wild animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20200228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Macdonald ◽  
Lucy A. Hawkes ◽  
Damion K. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Biomolecular Detection ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Point Of Care Tests

The goal of achieving enhanced diagnosis and continuous monitoring of human health has led to a vibrant, dynamic and well-funded field of research in medical sensing and biosensor technologies. The field has many sub-disciplines which focus on different aspects of sensor science; engaging engineers, chemists, biochemists and clinicians, often in interdisciplinary teams. The trends which dominate include the efforts to develop effective point of care tests and implantable/wearable technologies for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring. This review will outline the current state of the art in a number of relevant fields, including device engineering, chemistry, nanoscience and biomolecular detection, and suggest how these advances might be employed to develop effective systems for measuring physiology, detecting infection and monitoring biomarker status in wild animals. Special consideration is also given to the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance and in the light of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, zoonotic infections. Both of these areas involve significant crossover between animal and human health and are therefore well placed to seed technological developments with applicability to both human and animal health and, more generally, the reviewed technologies have significant potential to find use in the measurement of physiology in wild animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)’.

scholarly journals Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline K Glidden ◽  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Morgan P Kain ◽  
Katherine M Lagerstrom ◽  
Eloise B Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Integrated Strategies ◽  
Biodiversity Change ◽  
Phenological Diversity

Human-mediated changes to natural ecosystems have consequences for both ecosystem and human health. Historically, efforts to preserve or restore ‘biodiversity’ can seem to be in opposition to human interests. However, the integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction in recent years, and new efforts to identify solutions that benefit both environmental and human health are ongoing. At the forefront of these efforts is an attempt to clarify ways in which biodiversity conservation can help reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from wild animals, sparking epidemics and pandemics in humans and livestock. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process is incomplete, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion around biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence—while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity—we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate the goal of spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.

scholarly journals United States wildlife and wildlife product imports from 2000-2014

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan A. Eskew ◽  
Allison M. White ◽  
Noam Ross ◽  
Kristine M. Smith ◽  
Katherine F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Native Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization ◽  
Data Usability

AbstractThe global wildlife trade network is a massive system that has been shown to threaten biodiversity conservation, introduce non-native species and pathogens, and cause chronic animal welfare concerns. Despite its scale and impact, comprehensive characterization of the global wildlife trade is hampered by data that are limited in their temporal or taxonomic scope and detail. To help fill this gap, we present data on 15 years of the importation of wildlife and their derived products into the United States (2000-2014), originally collected by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. We curated and cleaned the data and added taxonomic information to improve data usability. These data include > 2 million wildlife or wildlife product shipments, representing > 60 biological classes and > 3.2 billion live organisms. These data will be broadly useful to both scientists and policymakers seeking to better understand the volume, sources, biological composition, and potential risks of the global wildlife trade.

How China's Wildlife Trade Legislation Permits Commercial Trade in Protected Wild Animal Species

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aron White
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Wildlife Protection ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Commercial Trade

Abstract Wildlife trade policies in China and elsewhere have come under increased scrutiny following suggestions that the emergence of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 may have been linked to trade in wild animals. The breeding of and trade in most terrestrial wild animal species for consumption as food were prohibited in China in February 2020, but trade for non-food purposes such as ornamental items or traditional medicine continues to be covered by provisions in the Wildlife Protection Law (WPL). While a superficial reading of the WPL could lead to the conclusion that commercial trade in nationally protected species is generally prohibited, in practice key language is interpreted to permit commercial trade in the parts and derivatives of protected wild animal species, including those subject to the most stringent protection within China and internationally, such as leopards and pangolins.

scholarly journals Trading Animal Lives: Ten Tricky Issues on the Road to Protecting Commodified Wild Animals

BioScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Macdonald ◽  
Lauren A Harrington ◽  
Tom P Moorhouse ◽  
Neil D'Cruze
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wildlife Use ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract Wildlife commodification can generate benefits for biodiversity conservation, but it also has negative impacts; overexploitation of wildlife is currently one of the biggest drivers of vertebrate extinction risk. In the present article, we highlight 10 issues that in our experience impede sustainable and humane wildlife trade. Given humanity's increasing demands on the natural world we question whether many aspects of wildlife trade can be compatible with appropriate standards for biodiversity conservation and animal welfare, and suggest that too many elements of wildlife trade as it currently stands are not sustainable for wildlife or for the livelihoods that it supports. We suggest that the onus should be on traders to demonstrate that wildlife use is sustainable, humane, and safe (with respect to disease and invasion risk), rather than on conservationists to demonstrate it is not, that there is a need for a broad acceptance of responsibility and, ultimately, widespread behavior change. We urge conservationists, practitioners, and others to take bold, progressive steps to reach consensus and action.

scholarly journals Longitudinal national-level monitoring of on-farm broiler welfare identifies consistently poorly performing farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan Mullan ◽  
Bobby Stuijfzand ◽  
Andrew Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Level Monitoring ◽  
Poor Welfare ◽  
Check Compliance

AbstractA range of welfare outcome measures relating to on-farm welfare are monitored in UK slaughterhouses to check compliance with the European Broiler Directive. A national dataset from 438,155 batches of chickens between 2010 and 2014 and from 228,795 batches between 2016 and 2018 was analysed. The data contained information about 3.1 billion chickens. The highest mean proportion for a single condition was for ascites/oedema in 2016–2018 at 0.384%, affecting 3.9 million chickens/year sent to slaughter during that time, followed by abnormal colour/fevered at 0.324%, affecting 3.4 million chickens/year. Identifying farms most likely to have poor welfare is an important strategy for improving animal welfare overall, and for maximising the capacity for checking regulatory compliance when resources are limited. We found a greater proportion of broiler farms overall remained consistently in the best quartile (16.4%) rather than the worst quartile (6.6%). Farms that exceeded a Government ‘trigger’ threshold for poor welfare were significantly more likely to subsequently improve than ‘non-trigger’ farms, although they usually remained in the worst performing quartile of farms.

Changing legislative thinking in China to better protect wild animals and human health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guirong Fang ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Ka Wu ◽  
Tongqing Wei ◽  
Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Wild Animals

scholarly journals The Impact of ‘Selfie’ Tourism on the Behaviour and Welfare of Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloths

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Carder ◽  
Tinka Plese ◽  
Fernando Machado ◽  
Suzanne Paterson ◽  
Neil Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bradypus Variegatus ◽  
Focal Observation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physical Manipulation

The use of wild animals as photo props is prevalent across the globe and is widely recognised to represent a potential animal welfare concern. However, detailed information regarding the specific impacts of such activity on wild animal behaviour is currently lacking. Herein, we investigated how brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) were handled by tourists, and how sloths behaved during wildlife ‘selfies’ taken in Manaus, Brazil and Puerto Alegria and Iquitos in Peru. In total, we observed 17 sloths (during 70 focal observations) that were provided for use in wildlife selfies on 34 different tours. We found that an average number of 5 people held each sloth during each focal observation. For 48.6% of the time the sloths were handled in a way which involved physical manipulation of the sloths’ head and/or limbs and/or being held by the claws. From the eight different types of sloth behaviour observed, we found that the two types performed for the longest average duration of time were surveillance (55.3%) and limb stretching (12.6%). Our findings show that when being handled sloths were frequently held in ways that may compromise their welfare. Although to date the behaviour of sloths while being handled has not been reported in any published literature, in this study we document certain behaviours which may act as indicators of compromised welfare. We suggest that our data provides a potential baseline for future study into the behaviour and welfare of sloths.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN LUMBA-LUMBA SEBAGAI SATWA LANGKA YANG DILINDUNGI DARI TINDAKAN PENEMPATAN DAN ATRAKSI HIBURAN YANG TIDAK SESUAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1806
Author(s):  
Vivian Fanny ◽  
Ahmad Redi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Know How ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

The emerging of entertainment development in Indonesia, increasing number of tourists is one aspect for the world entertainment competition. The increasing insistence and urge in the world of entertainment making the business perform a variety of ways in order to survive and able to compete in the competition. One of the example is the dolphins entertainment, they do a lot of tricks and do interact directly to human. Apart from all the entertainment that we get as the consumer, we do not know how the way dolphins suffer of to do all the orders given for the tricks, to do the direct interaction without injuring humans. All things they went through was a hard painfuly and unpleasant process. As a protected species, the care maintenance and ownership rules should be followed for the sake of the animal welfare. The protection of dolphins entertainment considered as important and should be monitored according the rules to avoid animal abuse.

Wildlife as Property

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Angus Nurse ◽  
Tanya Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
Psychological Harm ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Animal Welfare Legislation

This chapter examines the notion of wildlife as property or ‘things’ and critically analyses the extent to which anthropocentric notions of wildlife as a resource for human exploitation determines harm caused to non-human animals. This chapter examines how anthropocentric notions of morality and human-centred values underpin the exploitation of non-human animals and the sense in which they are owned. Employing a green criminological perspective, the chapter examines the use and abuse of wildlife within the animal ‘entertainment’ industry. The chapter examines the use of wildlife within aquariums, zoos, and circuses and examines both the legality of this use and the non-human animal harm contained within such uses. Evidence exists, for example, of psychological harm caused to wildlife in zoos that would likely be unlawful if experienced by companion animals. Yet, zoos and safari parks are ostensibly legal operations, thus animal welfare legislation is often the only mechanism through which action can be taken in respect of what would otherwise be deemed unlawful captivity (see also Chapter 7 on animal rights). We end the chapter by touching on how wildlife come to be property – that is a short discussion of wildlife trade, including the online market.

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