scholarly journals Coordinated gas release among the physostomous fish sprat (Sprattus sprattus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein Kaartvedt ◽  
Karl I. Ugland ◽  
Jan Heuschele ◽  
Ingrid Solberg
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Sprattus Sprattus ◽  
Individual Fish

AbstractPrevious experimental studies suggest that the production of sound associated with expelling gas from an open swimbladder may play a role in communication. This would suggest non-random gas release. We used deployed echosounders to study patterns of gas release among a fjord population of sprat (Sprattus sprattus). The echosounder records concurrently revealed individual fish and their release of gas. The gas release primarily occurred at night, partly following recurrent temporal patterns, but also varying between nights. In testing for non-randomness, we formulated a data-driven simulation approach. Non-random gas release scaled with the length of the analyzed time intervals from 1 min to 6 h, and above 30 min the release events in more than 50% of the intervals were significantly connected.

scholarly journals Non-Lethal Sequential Individual Monitoring of Viremia in Relation to DNA Vaccination in Fish–Example Using a Salmon Alphavirus DNA Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Catherine Collins ◽  
Katherine Lester ◽  
Jorge Del-Pozo ◽  
Bertrand Collet
Keyword(s):  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
Line System ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Subtype 3

Traditionally, commercial testing for vaccine efficacy has relied on the mass infection of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals and the comparison of mortality prevalence and incidence. For some infection models where disease does not cause mortality this approach to testing vaccine efficacy is not useful. Additionally, in fish experimental studies on vaccine efficacy and immune response the norm is that several individuals are lethally sampled at sequential timepoints, and results are extrapolated to represent the kinetics of immune and disease parameters of an individual fish over the entire experimental infection period. In the present study we developed a new approach to vaccine testing for viremic viruses in fish by following the same individuals over the course of a DNA vaccination and experimental infection through repeated blood collection and analyses. Injectable DNA vaccines are particularly efficient against viral disease in fish. To date, two DNA vaccines have been authorised for use in fish farming, one in Canada against Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrotic virus and more recently one in Europe against Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDv) subtype 3. In the current study we engineered and used an experimental DNA vaccine against SPDv subtype 1. We measured viremia using a reporter cell line system and demonstrated that the viremia phase was completely extinguished following DNA vaccination. Differences in viremia infection kinetics between fish in the placebo group could be related to subsequent antibody levels in the individual fish, with higher antibody levels at terminal sampling in fish showing earlier viremia peaks. The results indicate that sequential non-lethal sampling can highlight associations between infection traits and immune responses measured at asynchronous timepoints and, can provide biological explanations for variation in data. Similar to results observed for the SPDv subtype 3 DNA vaccine, the SPDv subtype 1 DNA vaccine also induced an interferon type 1 response after vaccination and provided high protection against SPDv under laboratory conditions when fish were challenged at 7 weeks post-vaccination.

scholarly journals Mechanics of cortical folding: stress, growth and stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1759) ◽  
pp. 20170321 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Garcia ◽  
C. D. Kroenke ◽  
P. V. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Mechanical Instability ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Migration

Cortical folding, or gyrification, coincides with several important developmental processes. The folded shape of the human brain allows the cerebral cortex, the thin outer layer of neurons and their associated projections, to attain a large surface area relative to brain volume. Abnormal cortical folding has been associated with severe neurological, cognitive and behavioural disorders, such as epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia. However, despite decades of study, the mechanical forces that lead to cortical folding remain incompletely understood. Leading hypotheses have focused on the roles of (i) tangential growth of the outer cortex, (ii) spatio-temporal patterns in the birth and migration of neurons, and (iii) internal tension in axons. Recent experimental studies have illuminated not only the fundamental cellular and molecular processes underlying cortical development, but also the stress state, mechanical properties and spatio-temporal patterns of growth in the developing brain. The combination of mathematical modelling and physical measurements has allowed researchers to evaluate hypothesized mechanisms of folding, to determine whether each is consistent with physical laws. This review summarizes what physical scientists have learned from models and recent experimental observations, in the context of recent neurobiological discoveries regarding cortical development. Here, we highlight evidence of a combined mechanism, in which spatio-temporal patterns bias the locations of primary folds (i), but tangential growth of the cortical plate induces mechanical instability (ii) to propagate primary and higher-order folds. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Mechanics of development’.

WORM BIOMASS AND VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION BY THE EPIGEIC EARTHWORM, PERIONYX EXCAVATUS BY USING DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTES

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Karuna S. Ganiger ◽  
Milind F. Nagannawar ◽  
Soumya R. Patil ◽  
Pulikeshi M. Biradar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Perionyx Excavatus ◽  
Earthworm Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Polyalthia Longifolia ◽  
Ecological Disturbances

As the epigeic earthworms are known to be efcient and potential biodegrades and nutrient releasers, tolerant to wide range of ecological disturbances, aids in litter communication and efcient decomposers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to nd out the inuence of various organic wastes (such as False Ashoka waste-FAW (Polyalthia longifolia), Parthenium wastePW (Parthenium hysterophorus), Cotton residue waste-CRW (Gossypium), Lawn grass waste-LGW (Agrostis) and Cattle manure-CM) on the production of worm biomass and vermicompost by the epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus along with control compost experiments without worms (in triplicates) to know the potentiality of this worm species in processing of various organic wastes for the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein and vermicompost as biofertilizer. Both compost and vermicompost experimental pots were terminated after 35 and 70 days time intervals. Observations were made with respect to number of old and new adult worms, new sub-clitellates, juveniles, cocoons with their weight were noted to determine the total worm biomass (Gross biomass), biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold Increase in Worm Number (FIWN). Percent compost and vermicompost produced out of different organic waste were also calculated at the end of each experiment at35 and 70 days. The results of the present study revealed that the biomass of Perionyx excavatus such as Gross worm biomass (GWB), Worm biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold increase in worm number (FIWN) increased from 35days to 70 days time intervals in all the organic wastes (FAW, PW, CRW, LGW and CM). It was maximum in CM and minimum in FAW among all the organic wastes. There is a signicant variation was noticed in worm biomass production (GWB, WBR, and FIWN) among and between all the organic wastes except between few organic wastes at 35 and 70 days time intervals. The vermicompost production was more as compared to normal compost in all the organic wastes. Further, both compost and vermicompost production were more in CM followed by LGW, CRW, PW and minimum in FAW among all organic wastes. The signicant difference was also observed in the production of compost and vermicompost among and between different organic wastes except between few organic wastes at different time intervals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus is an efcient epigeic earthworm species, effectively used in vermicomposting for the production of vermicompost and as well as in vermifarming in the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein. Further, earthworm biomass, compost and vermicompost production primarily depends on nature of organic wastes and secondly on the potentiality of earthworm species used in the experimental studies.

scholarly journals Manipulating the Patterns of Mechanical Forces That Shape Multicellular Tissues

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marisol Herrera-Perez ◽  
Karen E. Kasza
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Functional Tissue ◽  
Unstructured Groups

During embryonic development, spatial and temporal patterns of mechanical forces help to transform unstructured groups of cells into complex, functional tissue architectures. Here, we review emerging approaches to manipulate these patterns of forces to investigate the mechanical mechanisms that shape multicellular tissues, with a focus on recent experimental studies of epithelial tissue sheets in the embryo of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.

scholarly journals Special issue: Informatics & data-driven medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 6430-6433
Author(s):  
Ivan Izonin ◽  
◽  
Nataliya Shakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Medicine Today

<abstract> <p>The current state of the development of Medicine today is changing dramatically. Previously, data of the patient's health were collected only during a visit to the clinic. These were small chunks of information obtained from observations or experimental studies by clinicians, and were recorded on paper or in small electronic files. The advances in computer power development, hardware and software tools and consequently design an emergence of miniature smart devices for various purposes (flexible electronic devices, medical tattoos, stick-on sensors, biochips etc.) can monitor various vital signs of patients in real time and collect such data comprehensively. There is a steady growth of such technologies in various fields of medicine for disease prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Due to this, clinicians began to face similar problems as data scientists. They need to perform many different tasks, which are based on a huge amount of data, in some cases with incompleteness and uncertainty and in most others with complex, non-obvious connections between them and different for each individual patient (observation) as well as a lack of time to solve them effectively. These factors significantly decrease the quality of decision making, which usually affects the effectiveness of diagnosis or therapy. That is why the new concept in Medicine, widely known as Data-Driven Medicine, arises nowadays. This approach, which based on IoT and Artificial Intelligence, provide possibilities for efficiently process of the huge amounts of data of various types, stimulates new discoveries and provides the necessary integration and management of such information for enabling precision medical care. Such approach could create a new wave in health care. It will provide effective management of a huge amount of comprehensive information about the patient's condition; will increase the speed of clinician's expertise, and will maintain high accuracy analysis based on digital tools and machine learning. The combined use of different digital devices and artificial intelligence tools will provide an opportunity to deeply understand the disease, boost the accuracy and speed of its detection at early stages and improve the modes of diagnosis. Such invaluable information stimulates new ways to choose patient-oriented preventions and interventions for each individual case.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals Laws of gas draining in the massif disturbed by mining operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 00047
Author(s):  
Serhii Kurnosov ◽  
Volodymyr Zerkal
Keyword(s):  
Strain State ◽  
Abutment Pressure ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rock Massif ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Stress Strain State ◽  
The Impact

A method for calculating gas permeability of the rock massif depending on its stress-strain state is presented. By using methods of the mine experimental studies, influence of mining operations in the adjacent long walls on intensity of gas release from the previously worked-out long-pillar was determined, as well as impact of the massif stress-strain state on efficiency of the drainage boreholes. Formulas were obtained for calculating coefficients of the impact of zones with static and dynamic abutment pressure on intensity of gas draining in the previously worked-out long-pillar.

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