scholarly journals Mongolian pine forest decline by the combinatory effect of European woodwasp and plant pathogenic fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixiang Wang ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Youqing Luo ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
Ning Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pine Decline

AbstractInteractions between the decline of Mongolian pine woodlands and fungal communities and invasive pests in northeastern China are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the fungal communities occurring in three tree samples: the woodwasp Sirex noctilio infested, healthy uninfested and unhealthy uninfested Mongolian pine trees. We analyzed the relationships of the Mongolian pine decline with fungal infection and woodwasp infestation. Twenty-six fungal species were identified from the sampled trees. Each tree sample harbored a fungal endophyte community with a unique structure. Pathogenic fungi richness was four times higher in infested and unhealthy un-infested trees compared to that in healthy uninfested trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most dominant pathogenic fungus in the sampled Mongolian pine trees. The number of S. noctilio was higher than native bark beetles in the declining Mongolian pine trees. The invasion of the woodwasp appeared to be promoted by the fungal infection in the Mongolian pine trees. The incidence of S. noctilio infestation was higher in the fungi infected trees (83.22%) than those without infection (38.72%). S. sapinea population exhibited positive associations with within-tree colonization of S. noctilio and bark beetle. Collectively, these data indicate that the fungal disease may have caused as the initial reason the decline of the Mongolian pine trees, and also provided convenient conditions for the successful colonization of the woodwasp. The woodwasps attack the Mongolian pine trees infected by fungi and accelerated its decline.

scholarly journals  Decline of Mongolian Pine Forest by the Combinatory Effect of European Woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixiang Wang ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Youqing Luo ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
Ning Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Invasive Pests ◽  
Pine Trees

Abstract Interactions between the decline of Mongolian pine woodlands and fungal communities and invasive pests in northeast China, are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the fungal communities occurring in healthy uninfested, unhealthy uninfested and Sirex noctilio infested Mongolian pine and analyzed the relationship between the decline of Mongolian pine and fungal communities and woodwasp. The population number of S. noctilio was very high in the declining Mongolian pine forest. 26 fungal species identified from three tree samples. Each tree sample harbored a fungal endophyte community with a unique structure. The invasion of woodwasp appear to be promoted by the fungal community in the Mongolian pine woodlands. Pathogenic fungi richness was four times higher in infested and unhealthy uninfested compared to healthy uninfested trees. Sphaeropsis sapinea was the most dominant pathogenic fungus in Mongolian pine forest, and infested healthy Mongolian pine without wounding, but a with lower incidence of without wounding (38.72%) than wound ones (83.22%). Collectively, these data indicated that the fungal disease may have caused the initial reason of the decline of the Mongolian pine forest, and also provided convenient conditions for the successful colonization of woodwasp. The woodwasp attacked stressed Mongolian pine trees and accelerated its decline.

Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Ryan ◽  
Jean-Marc Moncalvo ◽  
Peter de Groot ◽  
Sandy M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), and the effect of temperature and substrate on these interactions. Beetle-associated fungi were usually able to capture more uncolonized resource than A. areolatum regardless of substrate or temperature. Amylostereum areolatum was able to colonize relatively more space in some cases but could not gain substrate already colonized by the ophiostomatoid competitor. These findings suggest that competitive interactions between beetle-vectored fungal species and A. areolatum could influence the reproductive fitness and distribution of S. noctilio within individual trees and also across a wide geographic area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of insect pest occurrence in areas of calamitous mortality of Scots pine

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Jan Liška ◽  
Miloš Knížek ◽  
Adam Véle
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Ips Sexdentatus ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

Abstract Pinus sylvestris is an important production tree. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the mortality of pine trees due to insect pests. It is obvious that some pests profit from climatic changes, increase their aggressiveness and spread to new localities. The study aimed to investigate the spectrum of more abundant insect pest species in pine plantations of Czechia. The occurrence of species and intensity of their infestation were studied at 77 localities situated in six regions. Any abundant foliophagous insect species were noticed. Bark beetles and wood-boring insects were found to be prevalent. Namely, Ips acuminatus, Ips sexdentatus, Phaenops cyanea and Sirex noctilio seem to be the most dangerous. These species are now better competitors than species previously considered as main pests. Their aggressiveness, expansion to new areas and interspecies co-occurrence are alarming. Due to the advancing climate change, pine mortality due to bark beetles and wood-boring pests will probably continue to increase.

Fungal endophyte diversity in table grapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Champa Wijekoon ◽  
Zoe Quill
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Microbial Sources

Plant fungal endophytes are diverse microbial sources that reside inside plants. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are rich in polyphenols that have beneficial health effects, and recent research has shown that fungal endophytes in grapes may contribute to the production of these polyphenols and may serve as biocontrol agents. In this study, we determined the fungal microbial endophyte diversity in North American table grapes found at a Winnipeg, Manitoba, market. The amplicon internal transcribed spacer (ITS) metagenomics approach was used to profile the fungal communities of the fruit endophyte microbiome of three table grape types. The data supported endophyte diversity in different table grapes, including possible bioactive, saprophytic, and pathogenic fungi. Culturable endophytes were isolated and identified by morphology and ITS amplicon sequencing. The majority of the isolated culturable strains included Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. The results provided evidence of the existence of diverse fungal endophytes isolated and identified from the fruit of the table grapes. These fungal endophytes may have potential in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications.

scholarly journals Antifungal actinomycetes associated with the pine bark beetle, Orthotomicus erosus, in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol Volume 113 (Number 1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zander R. Human ◽  
Bernard Slippers ◽  
Z. Wilhelm de Beer ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Stephanus N. Venter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Genus Streptomyces ◽  
Orthotomicus Erosus ◽  
Mutualistic Association

Abstract Actinomycete bacteria are often associated with insects that have a mutualistic association with fungi. These bacteria are believed to be important to this insect–fungus association as they produce antibiotics that exclude other saprophytic fungi from the immediate environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially protective actinomycetes associated with Orthotomicus erosus, an alien invasive pine bark beetle, in South Africa. This bark beetle and its relatives have an association with Ophiostomatales species which are often the only fungi found in the bark beetle galleries. We hypothesised that antibiotic-producing actinomycetes could be responsible for the paucity of other fungi in the galleries by producing compounds to which the Ophiostoma spp. are tolerant. Several actinomycetes in the genus Streptomyces and one Gordonia sp. were isolated from the beetle. Interestingly, most isolates were from the same species as actinomycetes associated with other pine-infesting insects from other parts of the world, including bark beetles and the woodwasp Sirex noctilio. Most actinomycetes isolated had strong antifungal properties against the selected test fungi, including Ophiostoma ips, which is the most common fungal symbiont of Orthotomicus erosus. Although the actinomycetes did not benefit Ophiostoma ips and the hypothesis was not supported, their sporadic association with Orthotomicus erosus suggests that they could have some impact on the composition of the fungal communities present in the bark beetle galleries, which is at present poorly understood.

scholarly journals Variation in Soil Fungal Composition Associated with the Invasion of Stellera chamaejasme L. in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Grassland

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei He ◽  
Andrew Detheridge ◽  
Yongmei Liu ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Haochen Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Stellera Chamaejasme

Stellera chamaejasme L. is the most problematic weed in China’s grasslands. Its root exudates affect co-occurring plants and thus may also affect soil fungi. Soils (0–20 cm depth) on two adjacent sites, one invaded the other uninvaded, were compared for a range of physiochemical parameters and by DNA sequencing of fungal communities. At the invaded site, relationships between S. chamaejasme abundance, soil physiochemical factors, and fungal communities were further investigated to determine whether these relationships corroborated conclusions on the basis of site differences that could be translated into functional variation. Results showed that the invaded soils had lower N, P, organic matter, fungal alpha diversity, and relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but greater abundance of pathogenic fungi. Organic matter and P were the edaphic factors most strongly linked to site differences in total fungal communities. Within the invaded site, organic matter rather than S. chamaejasme cover was closely linked to total fungal composition. However, on this site, a number of fungal species that had various ecological functions and that differentiated the two sites were related to S. chamaejasme cover. This study indicates that lower fertility soils may be more susceptible to invasion by S. chamaejasme. Although the influence of S. chamaejasme on total fungal community composition was limited, there was evidence of effects on particular fungal species. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects influence S. chamaejasme invasiveness.

Fungal associates of five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

Fungi associated with five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) were isolated from beetle-inoculated logs. Ipstypographus L., an aggressive tree-killing bark beetle, was associated with a different range of blue-stain fungi than the nonaggressive Pityogeneschalcographus L., Polygraphuspoligraphus L., and Hylurgopspalliatus Gyll. The flora of the nonaggressive Ipsduplicatus Sahib. was similar to that of I. typographus. The pathogenic fungus Ceratocystispolonica (Siem.) C. Moreau, and other blue-stain fungi, were isolated in high frequency from inoculations with both Ips species. Pathogenic blue-stain fungi were absent, or isolated in low frequencies, from inoculations with the other nonaggressive beetle species. With the exception of I. duplicatus, these results support the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetles carry more pathogenic blue-stain fungi than other bark beetles and indicate that pathogenic fungi are important for aggressive bark beetles to kill trees.

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid species associated with pine trees (Pinus spp.) infested by Cryphalus piceae from eastern China, including five new species

MycoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 181-208
Author(s):  
Runlei Chang ◽  
Xiuyu Zhang ◽  
Hongli Si ◽  
Guoyan Zhao ◽  
Xiaowen Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Novel Taxa ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Isolated Species

Cryphalus piceae attacks various economically important conifers. Similar to other bark beetles, Cr. piceae plays a role as a vector for an assortment of fungi and nematodes. Previously, several ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from Cr. piceae in Poland and Japan. In the present study, we explored the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Cr. piceae infesting pines in the Shandong Province of China. We isolated ophiostomatoid fungi from both galleries and beetles collected from our study sites. These fungal isolates were identified using both molecular and morphological data. In this study, we recovered 175 isolates of ophiostomatoid fungi representing seven species. Ophiostoma ips was the most frequently isolated species. Molecular and morphological data indicated that five ophiostomatoid fungal species recovered were previously undescribed. Thus, we proposed these five novel species as Ceratocystiopsis yantaiensis, C. weihaiensis, Graphilbum translucens, Gr. niveum, and Sporothrix villosa. These new ophiostomatoid fungi add to the increasing number of fungi known from China, and this evidence suggests that numerous novel taxa are awaiting discovery in other forests of China.

scholarly journals Fungal Communities Associated with Bark Beetles in Pinus radiata Plantations in Northern Spain Affected by Pine Pitch Canker, with Special Focus on Fusarium Species

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Bezos ◽  
Pablo Martínez-Álvarez ◽  
Antonio Sanz-Ros ◽  
Jorge Martín-García ◽  
M. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Northern Spain

Fusarium spp., as well as other endophytic or pathogenic fungi that form communities, have been reported to be phoretically associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytinae) worldwide. This applies to Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), which threatens Pinus radiata D. Don plantations in northern Spain. The main objective of this study was to study the fungal communities associated with bark beetles and their galleries in stands affected by PPC, with special attention given to Fusarium species. Funnel traps and logs were placed in a P. radiata plot known to be affected by F. circinatum. The traps were baited with different attractants: four with (E)-pityol and six with ethanol and α-Pinene. In addition, fresh green shoots with Tomicus piniperda L. feeding galleries were collected from the ground in 25 P. radiata plots affected by PPC. Extracts of whole insects and gallery tissues were plated on agar medium to isolate and identify the associated fungi. A total of 24 different fungal species were isolated from the bark beetle galleries constructed in logs and shoots, while 18 were isolated from the insect exoskeletons. Ten different Fusarium species were isolated from tissue and insects. Fusarium circinatum was isolated from bark beetle exoskeletons (1.05% of the Pityophthorus pubescens Marsham specimens harboured F. circinatum) and from the galleries (3.5% of the T. piniperda feeding galleries harboured the pathogen). The findings provide information about the fungal communities associated with bark beetles in P. radiata stands in northern Spain.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in the Phyllosphere of Pinus heldreichii H. Christ—An Endemic and High-Altitude Pine of the Mediterranean Region

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lazarević ◽  
Audrius Menkis
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Pinus heldreichii is a high-altitude coniferous tree species naturaly occurring in small and disjuncted populations in the Balkans and southern Italy. The aim of this study was to assess diversity and composition of fungal communities in living needles of P. heldreichii specifically focusing on fungal pathogens. Sampling was carried out at six different sites in Montenegro, where 2-4 year-old living needles of P. heldreichii were collected. Following DNA isolation, it was amplified using ITS2 rDNA as a marker and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 31,831 high quality reads, which after assembly were found to represent 375 fungal taxa. The detected fungi were 295 (78.7%) Ascomycota, 79 (21.0%) Basidiomycota and 1 (0.2%) Mortierellomycotina. The most common fungi were Lophodermium pinastri (12.5% of all high-quality sequences), L. conigenum (10.9%), Sydowia polyspora (8.8%), Cyclaneusma niveum (5.5%), Unidentified sp. 2814_1 (5.4%) and Phaeosphaeria punctiformis (4.4%). The community composition varied among different sites, but in this respect two sites at higher altitudes (harsh growing conditions) were separated from three sites at lower altitudes (milder growing conditions), suggesting that environmental conditions were among major determinants of fungal communities associated with needles of P. heldreichii. Trees on one study site were attacked by bark beetles, leading to discolouration and frequent dieback of needles, thereby strongly affecting the fungal community structure. Among all functional groups of fungi, pathogens appeared to be an important component of fungal communities in the phyllosphere of P. heldreichii, especially in those trees under strong abiotic and biotic stress.

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