scholarly journals NB-LRR-encoding genes conferring susceptibility to organophosphate pesticides in sorghum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihuan Jing ◽  
Fiona Wacera W. ◽  
Tsuneaki Takami ◽  
Hideki Takanashi ◽  
Fumi Fukada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticide ◽  
Dominant Trait ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Sorghum Breeding ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Japanese Cultivar ◽  
Mapping Populations

AbstractOrganophosphate is the commonly used pesticide to control pest outbreak, such as those by aphids in many crops. Despite its wide use, however, necrotic lesion and/or cell death following the application of organophosphate pesticides has been reported to occur in several species. To understand this phenomenon, called organophosphate pesticide sensitivity (OPS) in sorghum, we conducted QTL analysis in a recombinant inbred line derived from the Japanese cultivar NOG, which exhibits OPS. Mapping OPS in this population identified a prominent QTL on chromosome 5, which corresponded to Organophosphate-Sensitive Reaction (OSR) reported previously in other mapping populations. The OSR locus included a cluster of three genes potentially encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR, NLR) proteins, among which NLR-C was considered to be responsible for OPS in a dominant fashion. NLR-C was functional in NOG, whereas the other resistant parent, BTx623, had a null mutation caused by the deletion of promoter sequences. Our finding of OSR as a dominant trait is important not only in understanding the diversified role of NB-LRR proteins in cereals but also in securing sorghum breeding free from OPS.

scholarly journals Cysteine-Rich Hydrophobin Gene Family: Genome Wide Analysis, Phylogeny and Transcript Profiling in Cordyceps militaris

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Xiao Li ◽  
Fen Wang ◽  
Yanyan Xu ◽  
Guijun Liu ◽  
Caihong Dong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Transcript Profiling ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Encoding Genes

Hydrophobins are a family of small secreted proteins found exclusively in fungi, and they play various roles in the life cycle. In the present study, genome wide analysis and transcript profiling of the hydrophobin family in Cordyceps militaris, a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom, were studied. The distribution of hydrophobins in ascomycetes with different lifestyles showed that pathogenic fungi had significantly more hydrophobins than saprotrophic fungi, and class II members accounted for the majority. Phylogenetic analysis of hydrophobin proteins from the species of Cordyceps s.l. indicated that there was more variability among the class II members than class I. Only a few hydrophobin-encoding genes evolved by duplication in Cordyceps s.l., which was inconsistent with the important role of gene duplication in basidiomycetes. Different transcript patterns of four hydrophobin-encoding genes during the life cycle indicated the possible different functions for each. The transcripts of Cmhyd2, 3 and 4 can respond to light and were related with the photoreceptors. CmQHYD, with four hydrophobin II domains, was first found in C. militaris, and multi-domain hydrophobins were only distributed in the species of Cordycipitaceae and Clavicipitaceae. These results could be helpful for further function research of hydrophobins and could provide valuable information for the evolution of hydrophobins.

scholarly journals Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing and Analysis of Toxin Genes in Bacillus cereus Food-Borne Isolates

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 850-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cardazzo ◽  
Enrico Negrisolo ◽  
Lisa Carraro ◽  
Leonardo Alberghini ◽  
Tomaso Patarnello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Reticulate Evolution ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Group I ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACT In the present study we characterized 47 food-borne isolates of Bacillus cereus using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Newly determined sequences were combined with sequences available in public data banks in order to produce the largest data set possible. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on a total of 296 strains for which MLST sequence information is available, and three main lineages—I, II, and III—within the B. cereus complex were identified. With few exceptions, all food-borne isolates were in group I. The occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among various strains was analyzed by several statistical methods, providing evidence of widespread lateral gene transfer within B. cereus. We also investigated the occurrence of toxin-encoding genes, focusing on their evolutionary history within B. cereus. Several patterns were identified, indicating a pivotal role of HGT in the evolution of toxin-encoding genes. Our results indicate that HGT is an important element in shaping the population structure of the B. cereus complex. The results presented here also provide strong evidence of reticulate evolution within the B. cereus complex.

scholarly journals The microRNA, miR-133b, functions to slow Duchenne muscular dystrophy pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Taetzsch ◽  
Dillon Shapiro ◽  
Randa Eldosougi ◽  
Tracey Myers ◽  
Robert Settlage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Tibialis Anterior Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Small Muscle ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. To date, there are no treatments available to slow or prevent the disease. Hence, it remains essential to identify molecular factors that promote muscle biogenesis since they could serve as therapeutic targets for treating DMD. While the muscle enriched microRNA, miR-133b, has been implicated in the biogenesis of muscle fibers, its role in DMD remains unknown. To assess the role of miR-133b in DMD-affected skeletal muscles, we genetically ablated miR-133b in the mdx mouse model of DMD. In the absence of miR-133b, the tibialis anterior muscle of juvenile and adult mdx mice is populated by small muscle fibers with centralized nuclei, exhibits increased fibrosis, and thickened interstitial space. Additional analysis revealed that loss of miR-133b exacerbates DMD-pathogenesis partly by altering the number of satellite cells and levels of protein-encoding genes, including previously identified miR-133b targets as well as genes involved in cell proliferation and fibrosis. Altogether, our data demonstrate that skeletal muscles utilize miR-133b to mitigate the deleterious effects of DMD.

scholarly journals The Role of Transcription Factor PU.I in the Activity of the Intronic Enhancer of the Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin (RNS2) Gene

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 2126-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamar B. van Dijk ◽  
Eric Caldenhoven ◽  
Jan A.M. Raaijmakers ◽  
Jan-Willem J. Lammers ◽  
Leo Koenderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Intronic Enhancer ◽  
First Intron ◽  
Shift Analysis

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) found in the granules of human eosinophils is a cationic ribonuclease toxin. Expression of the EDN gene (RNS2) in eosinophils is dependent on proximal promoter sequences in combination with an enhancer located in the first intron. We further define here the active region of the intron using transfections in differentiated eosinophilic HL60 cells. We show that a region containing a tandem PU.I binding site is important for intronic enhancer activity. This region binds multiple forms of transcription factor PU.I as judged by gel-shift analysis and DNA affinity precipitation. Importantly, introducing point mutations in the PU.I site drastically reduces the intronic enhancer activity, showing the importance of PU.I for expression of EDN in cells of the eosinophilic lineage.

scholarly journals Light and ripening-regulated BBX protein-encoding genes in Solanum lycopersicum

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Silvestre Lira ◽  
Maria José Oliveira ◽  
Lumi Shiose ◽  
Raquel Tsu Ay Wu ◽  
Daniele Rosado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Ripening Inhibitor ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Signalling Cascade

Abstract Light controls several aspects of plant development through a complex signalling cascade. Several B-box domain containing proteins (BBX) were identified as regulators of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling photomorphogenesis. However, the knowledge about the role of this protein family in other physiological processes and species remains scarce. To fill this gap, here BBX protein encoding genes in tomato genome were characterised. The robust phylogeny obtained revealed how the domain diversity in this protein family evolved in Viridiplantae and allowed the precise identification of 31 tomato SlBBX proteins. The mRNA profiling in different organs revealed that SlBBX genes are regulated by light and their transcripts accumulation is directly affected by the chloroplast maturation status in both vegetative and fruit tissues. As tomato fruits develops, three SlBBXs were found to be upregulated in the early stages, controlled by the proper chloroplast differentiation and by the PHYTOCHROME (PHY)-dependent light perception. Upon ripening, other three SlBBXs were transcriptionally induced by RIPENING INHIBITOR master transcriptional factor, as well as by PHY-mediated signalling and proper plastid biogenesis. Altogether, the results obtained revealed a conserved role of SlBBX gene family in the light signalling cascade and identified putative members affecting tomato fruit development and ripening.

Light-driven self-powered biosensor for ultrasensitive organophosphate pesticide detection via integration of the conjugated polymer-sensitized CdS and enzyme inhibition strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (42) ◽  
pp. 6842-6847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panpan Gai ◽  
Shuxia Zhang ◽  
Wen Yu ◽  
Haiyin Li ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Ultrasensitive Detection ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticide ◽  
Pesticide Detection ◽  
Enzymatic Fuel Cell ◽  
Self Powered

A new light-driven self-powered biosensor based on a photoelectrochemical enzymatic fuel cell was proposed for the ultrasensitive detection of organophosphate pesticides.

scholarly journals The role of SNMPs in insect olfaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Cassau ◽  
Jürgen Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Insect Olfaction ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractThe sense of smell enables insects to recognize olfactory signals crucial for survival and reproduction. In insects, odorant detection highly depends on the interplay of distinct proteins expressed by specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and associated support cells which are housed together in chemosensory units, named sensilla, mainly located on the antenna. Besides odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors, so-called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) are indicated to play a critical role in the detection of certain odorants. SNMPs are insect-specific membrane proteins initially identified in pheromone-sensitive OSNs of Lepidoptera and are indispensable for a proper detection of pheromones. In the last decades, genome and transcriptome analyses have revealed a wide distribution of SNMP-encoding genes in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, with a given species expressing multiple subtypes in distinct cells of the olfactory system. Besides SNMPs having a neuronal expression in subpopulations of OSNs, certain SNMP types were found expressed in OSN-associated support cells suggesting different decisive roles of SNMPs in the peripheral olfactory system. In this review, we will report the state of knowledge of neuronal and non-neuronal members of the SNMP family and discuss their possible functions in insect olfaction.

scholarly journals Regulatory Activities of Four ArsR Proteins in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 3471-3480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Suk Kang ◽  
Keenan Brame ◽  
Jonathan Jetter ◽  
Brian B. Bothner ◽  
Gejiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Variable Control ◽  
Protein Primary Structure ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Reporter Assays ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Complex Regulatory Network

ABSTRACTArsR is a well-studied transcriptional repressor that regulates microbe-arsenic interactions. Most microorganisms have anarsRgene, but in cases where multiple copies exist, the respective roles or potential functional overlap have not been explored. We examined the repressors encoded byarsR1andarsR2(ars1operon) and byarsR3andarsR4(ars2operon) inAgrobacterium tumefaciens5A. ArsR1 and ArsR4 are very similar in their primary sequences and diverge phylogenetically from ArsR2 and ArsR3, which are also quite similar to one another. Reporter constructs (lacZ) forarsR1,arsR2, andarsR4were all inducible by As(III), but expression ofarsR3(monitored by reverse transcriptase PCR) was not influenced by As(III) and appeared to be linked transcriptionally to an upstreamlysR-type gene. Experiments using a combination of deletion mutations and additional reporter assays illustrated that the encoded repressors (i) are not all autoregulatory as is typically known for ArsR proteins, (ii) exhibit variable control of each other's encoding genes, and (iii) exert variable control of other genes previously shown to be under the control of ArsR1. Furthermore, ArsR2, ArsR3, and ArsR4 appear to have an activator-like function for some genes otherwise repressed by ArsR1, which deviates from the well-studied repressor role of ArsR proteins. The differential regulatory activities suggest a complex regulatory network not previously observed in ArsR studies. The results indicate that fine-scale ArsR sequence deviations of the reiterated regulatory proteins apparently translate to different regulatory roles.IMPORTANCEGiven the significance of the ArsR repressor in regulating various aspects of microbe-arsenic interactions, it is important to assess potential regulatory overlap and/or interference when a microorganism carries multiple copies ofarsR. This study explores this issue and shows that the fourarsRgenes inA. tumefaciens5A, associated with two separatearsoperons, encode proteins exhibiting various degrees of functional overlap with respect to autoregulation and cross-regulation, as well as control of other functional genes. In some cases, differences in regulatory activity are associated with only limited differences in protein primary structure. The experiments summarized herein also present evidence that ArsR proteins appear to have activator functions, representing novel regulatory activities for ArsR, previously known only to be a repressor.

scholarly journals Unravelling the Features of Success of VIM-Producing ST111 and ST235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Greek Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1884
Author(s):  
Costas C. Papagiannitsis ◽  
Aggeliki Verra ◽  
Vasiliki Galani ◽  
Stelios Xitsas ◽  
Ibrahim Bitar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Illumina Platform ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Greek Hospital ◽  
Clonal Spread ◽  
The University ◽  
Encoding Genes

The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics that contribute to the successful dissemination of VIM-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), belonging to ST111 and ST235, in a Greek hospital. A total of 120 non-repetitive P. aeruginosa, which had meropenem minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) greater than 2 mg/L, were studied. VIM-encoding genes were amplified and sequenced within their integrons. Isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Six VIM-producers, representative of different integron structures and sequence types (STs), were completely sequenced using Illumina platform. Sixty-one P. aeruginosa were confirmed to produce VIM-type carbapenemases. ST111 dominated (n = 34) among VIM-producers, while 15 VIM-producers belonged to ST235. The blaVIM-like genes were located in three integron types, including In59, In595 and In1760, which were integrated into P. aeruginosa chromosomes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data demonstrated that ST111 and ST235 MBL producers carried several resistance and virulence genes. Additionally, the presence of type I-C and type I-E clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas locus was observed in ST235 and ST395 isolates, respectively. In conclusion, our findings confirmed the clonal spread of ST111 P. aeruginosa, carrying the VIM-2-encoding integron In59, in the University Hospital of Larissa (UHL). In addition, they highlighted the important role of high-risk clones, ST111 and ST235, in the successful dissemination and establishment into hospital settings of clinically important pathogens carrying resistance determinants.

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