scholarly journals Fish can use hydrostatic pressure to determine their absolute depth

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Davis ◽  
Robert I. Holbrook ◽  
Theresa Burt de Perera
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Astyanax Mexicanus ◽  
Food Site

AbstractHydrostatic pressure is a global cue that varies linearly with depth which could provide crucial spatial information for fish navigating vertically; however, whether fish can determine their depth using hydrostatic pressure has remained unknown. Here we show that Mexican tetras (Astyanax mexicanus) can learn the depth of a food site and consistently return to it with high fidelity using only hydrostatic pressure as a cue. Further, fish shifted their search location vertically as predicted if using pressure alone to signal depth. This study uncovers new sensory information available to fish which allows them to resolve their absolute depth on a fine scale.

scholarly journals High-fidelity transmission of high-frequency burst stimuli from peripheral nerve to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Hernandez-Martin ◽  
Enrique Arguelles ◽  
Yifei Zheng ◽  
Ruta Deshpande ◽  
Terence D. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractHigh-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive alternative to thalamic deep brain stimulation for some patients with essential tremor. It is not known whether such techniques might be effective for movement disorders in children, nor is the mechanism and transmission of the peripheral stimuli to central brain structures understood. This study was designed to investigate the fidelity of transmission from peripheral nerves to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. The ventralis intermediate (VIM) thalamus nuclei showed a robust evoked response to peripheral high-frequency burst stimulation, with a greatest response magnitude to intra-burst frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz, and reliable but smaller responses up to 170 Hz. The earliest response occurred at 12–15 ms following stimulation onset, suggesting rapid high-fidelity transmission between peripheral nerve and thalamic nuclei. A high-bandwidth, low-latency transmission path from peripheral nerve to VIM thalamus is consistent with the importance of rapid and accurate sensory information for the control of coordination and movement via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Our results suggest the possibility of non-invasive modulation of thalamic activity in children with dystonia, and therefore the possibility that a subset of children could have beneficial clinical response without the need for invasive deep brain stimulation.

BalanCI: Head-Referenced Cochlear Implant Stimulation Improves Balance in Children with Bilateral Cochleovestibular Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (Suppl. 1-2) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus E. Wolter ◽  
Karen A. Gordon ◽  
Jennifer L. Campos ◽  
Luis D. Vilchez Madrigal ◽  
David D. Pothier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: To determine the impact of a head-referenced cochlear implant (CI) stimulation system, BalanCI, on balance and postural control in children with bilateral cochleovestibular loss (BCVL) who use bilateral CI. Methods: Prospective, blinded case-control study. Balance and postural control testing occurred in two settings: (1) quiet clinical setting and (2) immersive realistic virtual environment (Challenging Environment Assessment Laboratory [CEAL], Toronto Rehabilitation Institute). Postural control was assessed in 16 and balance in 10 children with BCVL who use bilateral CI, along with 10 typically developing children. Children with neuromotor, cognitive, or visual deficits that would prevent them from performing the tests were excluded. Children wore the BalanCI, which is a head-mounted device that couples with their CIs through the audio port and provides head-referenced spatial information delivered via the intracochlear electrode array. Postural control was measured by center of pressure (COP) and time to fall using the WiiTM (Nintendo, WA, USA) Balance Board for feet and the BalanCI for head, during the administration of the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (CTSIB-M). The COP of the head and feet were assessed for change by deviation, measured as root mean square around the COP (COP-RMS), rate of deviation (COP-RMS/duration), and rate of path length change from center (COP-velocity). Balance was assessed by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2, balance subtest (BOT-2), specifically, BOT-2 score as well as time to fall/fault. Results: In the virtual environment, children demonstrated more stable balance when using BalanCI as measured by an improvement in BOT-2 scores. In a quiet clinical setting, the use of BalanCI led to improved postural control as demonstrated by significant reductions in COP-RMS and COP-velocity. With the use of BalanCI, the number of falls/faults was significantly reduced and time to fall increased. Conclusions: BalanCI is a simple and effective means of improving postural control and balance in children with BCVL who use bilateral CI. BalanCI could potentially improve the safety of these children, reduce the effort they expend maintaining balance and allow them to take part in more complex balance tasks where sensory information may be limited and/or noisy.

Modelling and Analysis on High-Fidelity Fine-Scale Reservoir Simulation in Mature Waterflooding Reservoir

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Shuhong ◽  
Dong Jiangyan ◽  
Li hua ◽  
Li Qiaoyun ◽  
Wang Baohua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Simulation ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Fine Scale

scholarly journals Prolonged development of long-term potentiation at lateral entorhinal cortex synapses onto adult-born neurons

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253642
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Vyleta ◽  
Jason S. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Adult Born Neurons

Critical period plasticity at adult-born neuron synapses is widely believed to contribute to the learning and memory functions of the hippocampus. Experience regulates circuit integration and for a transient interval, until cells are ~6 weeks old, new neurons display enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) at afferent and efferent synapses. Since neurogenesis declines substantially with age, this raises questions about the extent of lasting plasticity offered by adult-born neurons. Notably, however, the hippocampus receives sensory information from two major cortical pathways. Broadly speaking, the medial entorhinal cortex conveys spatial information to the hippocampus via the medial perforant path (MPP), and the lateral entorhinal cortex, via the lateral perforant path (LPP), codes for the cues and items that make experiences unique. While enhanced critical period plasticity at MPP synapses is relatively well characterized, no studies have examined long-term plasticity at LPP synapses onto adult-born neurons, even though the lateral entorhinal cortex is uniquely vulnerable to aging and Alzheimer’s pathology. We therefore investigated LTP at LPP inputs both within (4–6 weeks) and beyond (8+ weeks) the traditional critical period. At immature stages, adult-born neurons did not undergo significant LTP at LPP synapses, and often displayed long-term depression after theta burst stimulation. However, over the course of 3–4 months, adult-born neurons displayed increasingly greater amounts of LTP. Analyses of short-term plasticity point towards a presynaptic mechanism, where transmitter release probability declines as cells mature, providing a greater dynamic range for strengthening synapses. Collectively, our findings identify a novel form of new neuron plasticity that develops over an extended interval, and may therefore be relevant for maintaining cognitive function in aging.

scholarly journals Stable Encoding of Visual Cues in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 4424-4437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Powell ◽  
William M Connelly ◽  
Asta Vasalauskaite ◽  
Andrew J D Nelson ◽  
Seralynne D Vann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Stimulus Position ◽  
Sensory Data ◽  
Longitudinal Measurements ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Evoked Activity

Abstract The rodent retrosplenial cortex (RSC) functions as an integrative hub for sensory and motor signals, serving roles in both navigation and memory. While RSC is reciprocally connected with the sensory cortex, the form in which sensory information is represented in the RSC and how it interacts with motor feedback is unclear and likely to be critical to computations involved in navigation such as path integration. Here, we used 2-photon cellular imaging of neural activity of putative excitatory (CaMKII expressing) and inhibitory (parvalbumin expressing) neurons to measure visual and locomotion evoked activity in RSC and compare it to primary visual cortex (V1). We observed stimulus position and orientation tuning, and a retinotopic organization. Locomotion modulation of activity of single neurons, both in darkness and light, was more pronounced in RSC than V1, and while locomotion modulation was strongest in RSC parvalbumin-positive neurons, visual-locomotion integration was found to be more supralinear in CaMKII neurons. Longitudinal measurements showed that response properties were stably maintained over many weeks. These data provide evidence for stable representations of visual cues in RSC that are spatially selective. These may provide sensory data to contribute to the formation of memories of spatial information.

scholarly journals OMI NO<sub>2</sub> column densities over North American urban cities: the effect of satellite footprint resolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1111-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Cheol Kim ◽  
Pius Lee ◽  
Laura Judd ◽  
Li Pan ◽  
Barry Lefer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Emission Policy

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 VCD) measurements via satellite are compared with a fine-scale regional chemistry transport model, using a new approach that considers varying satellite footprint sizes. Space-borne NO2 VCD measurement has been used as a proxy for surface nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, especially for anthropogenic urban emission, so accurate comparison of satellite and modeled NO2 VCD is important in determining the future direction of NOx emission policy. The NASA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 VCD measurements, retrieved by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), are compared with a 12 km Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We found that the OMI footprint-pixel sizes are too coarse to resolve urban NO2 plumes, resulting in a possible underestimation in the urban core and overestimation outside. In order to quantify this effect of resolution geometry, we have made two estimates. First, we constructed pseudo-OMI data using fine-scale outputs of the model simulation. Assuming the fine-scale model output is a true measurement, we then collected real OMI footprint coverages and performed conservative spatial regridding to generate a set of fake OMI pixels out of fine-scale model outputs. When compared to the original data, the pseudo-OMI data clearly showed smoothed signals over urban locations, resulting in roughly 20–30 % underestimation over major cities. Second, we further conducted conservative downscaling of OMI NO2 VCDs using spatial information from the fine-scale model to adjust the spatial distribution, and also applied averaging kernel (AK) information to adjust the vertical structure. Four-way comparisons were conducted between OMI with and without downscaling and CMAQ with and without AK information. Results show that OMI and CMAQ NO2 VCDs show the best agreement when both downscaling and AK methods are applied, with the correlation coefficient R = 0.89. This study suggests that satellite footprint sizes might have a considerable effect on the measurement of fine-scale urban NO2 plumes. The impact of satellite footprint resolution should be considered when using satellite observations in emission policy making, and the new downscaling approach can provide a reference uncertainty for the use of satellite NO2 measurements over most cities.

scholarly journals Monitoring the fishing process in the sea urchin diving fishery of Galicia

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernández-Boán ◽  
Juan Freire ◽  
Ana M. Parma ◽  
Luis Fernández ◽  
José M. Orensanz
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Primary Driver

Abstract Fernández-Boán, M., Freire, J., Parma, A. M., Fernández, L., and Orensanz, J. M. 2013. Monitoring the fishing process in the sea urchin diving fishery of Galicia – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 604–617. The assessment and management of small-scale benthic fisheries requires attention to the spatial structure of stocks and patterns of effort allocation. Spatial information helps in the interpretation of fisheries data, and is required for designing spatially explicit management strategies, often prescribed in the case of benthic fisheries. Monitoring of boats with GPS, combined with port interviews, was evaluated as an approach to investigate the spatial pattern of fishing intensity and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) in the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) diving fishery from Galicia, Spain. Fishing opportunities (FOs), relatively small regions of high fishing intensity, were identified and mapped at a fine scale. New FOs were first visited at an approximately constant rate. Concentration analysis shows that effort intensity was not uniformly distributed within FOs. CPUE did not exhibit a significant trend throughout the season, either at the scale of the aggregated fishery or within individual FOs. Catch per area and area covered per unit of diving time were inversely related, indicating that fishers stay longer in high-density patches. While abundance is the primary driver of effort allocation, other factors contributing to suitability were identified. Based on these results, we discuss realistic options for the monitoring of this and comparable fisheries.

scholarly journals High-fidelity transmission of sensory information by single cerebellar mossy fibre boutons

Nature ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 450 (7173) ◽  
pp. 1245-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ede A. Rancz ◽  
Taro Ishikawa ◽  
Ian Duguid ◽  
Paul Chadderton ◽  
Séverine Mahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Mossy Fibre

Synthesis of Auditory Localization Cues for Cockpit Applications

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1172-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Auditory Localization ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
High Fidelity Simulation ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Term Objective

The long-term objective of this work is to develop techniques for conveying accurate spatial information via audio signals delivered to the listener through headphones. Specific objectives of the first phase included the design, fabrication, and evaluation of an apparatus for demonstrating simulated auditory localization (SAL). The design of the SAL facility is described. An experimental test of the psychological fidelity of the SAL facility is summarized. The results show that the facility produces a high-fidelity simulation of normal, unaided auditory localization.

scholarly journals Fine-scale computations for adaptive processing in the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Zamboni ◽  
VG Kemper ◽  
NR Goncalves ◽  
K Jia ◽  
VM Karlaftis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Adaptive Processing ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Efficient Information ◽  
High Field Imaging

AbstractAdapting to the environment statistics by reducing brain responses to repetitive sensory information is key for efficient information processing. Yet, the fine-scale computations that support this adaptive processing in the human brain remain largely unknown. Here, we capitalize on the sub-millimetre resolution afforded by ultra-high field imaging to examine BOLD-fMRI signals across cortical depth and discern competing hypotheses about the brain mechanisms (feedforward vs. feedback) that mediate adaptive visual processing. We demonstrate suppressive recurrent processing within visual cortex, as indicated by stronger BOLD decrease in superficial than middle and deeper layers for gratings that were repeatedly presented at the same orientation. Further, we show dissociable connectivity mechanisms for adaptive processing: enhanced feedforward connectivity within visual cortex, while feedback occipito-parietal connectivity, reflecting top-down influences on visual processing. Our findings provide evidence for a circuit of local recurrent and feedback interactions that mediate rapid brain plasticity for adaptive information processing.

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