Background: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cellular communication network factor family protein involved in many cellular functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CTGF on the proliferation, osteogenic capacity, and mRNA expression of spheroids composed of gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). Methods: CTGF was applied at final concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ng/mL. Qualitative cell viability was determined using Live/Dead kit assay. Metabolic viability was determined with a colorimetric assay kit. Osteogenic activity was analyzed with alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red S staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the expression levels of RUNX2, BSP, OCN, and COL1A1. Results: In general, there was no significant difference in cell viability between the groups on Days 1, 4, and 7. Addition of CTGF produced an increase in Alizarin Red S staining. qPCR results demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, BSP, OCN, and COL1A1 were significantly increased with the addition of CTGF. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that CTGF can be applied for increased osteogenic differentiation of stem cell spheroids.
Spatially controlled glycocalyx engineering for growth factor patterning in embryoid bodies
