scholarly journals Introduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
Jane Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Code ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Histone Code ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
The Core ◽  
Epigenetic Code ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Conrad Waddington

To correctly read the information stored in our DNA genomes (the genetic code), cells must read another language that overlays it, the epigenetic code, which controls access to that information. A process such as transcription can only retrieve this information according to the access granted by the epigenome. The term epigenetics was coined in the 1940s by British embryologist and geneticist Conrad Waddington to describe “the interaction of genes with their environment, which bring the phenotype into being”. Now the term epigenetics (literally over or above genetics) refers to the extra layers of instructions that influence gene activity without altering the DNA sequence. There are three main components to the epigenetic code: (i) methylated cytosine residues in DNA1; (ii) the range of post-translational modifications to the core histone proteins within the nucleosomes (referred to as the histone code)2,3; and (iii) RNA molecules, often non-coding RNA4.

Physical methods used to study core histone tail structures and interactions in solutionThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 27th International West Coast Chromatin and Chromosome Conference, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Jeffrey J. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Histone Tail ◽  
Tertiary Structures ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Binding Behavior ◽  
The Core ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Core Histone Tail

The core histone tail domains are key regulatory elements in chromatin. The tails are essential for folding oligonucleosomal arrays into both secondary and tertiary structures, and post-translational modifications within these domains can directly alter DNA accessibility. Unfortunately, there is little understanding of the structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains or how post-translational modifications within the tails may alter these interactions. Here we review NMR, thermal denaturation, cross-linking, and other selected solution methods used to define the general structures and binding behavior of the tail domains in various chromatin environments. All of these methods indicate that the tail domains bind primarily electrostatically to sites within chromatin. The data also indicate that the tails adopt specific structures when bound to DNA and that tail structures and interactions are plastic, depending on the specific chromatin environment. In addition, post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, can directly alter histone tail structures and interactions.

scholarly journals Perpetrator's identity – central issue of modern criminology (Some Aspects in the Context of Opposing Criminality)

2021 ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Kozliuk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Positive Aspect ◽  
The Core ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Components

Due to the fact that our society lives in a state of criminality, this study theoretically attempts to show the value of research on the perpetrator's identity and the need to oppose criminality thereof. The purpose of the study is to understand one of the main components of the subject of criminology, which is the perpetrator's identity, to clarify his role and place in the opposing against criminality. The study applied the principle of social naturalism. It is proved that the study of the identity of the perpetrator on the basis of the principle of social naturalism opens up new opportunities in finding, more successful influence on the behavior of persons committing criminal offenses. Because it determines that the core of the perpetrator's identity is an arbitrariness and illusions complex. Liquidation of which will help increase efficiency in the development and implementation of measures to opposing criminality. Under implementing countermeasures, it is important to know on what aspects to focus on to prevent the mechanism of criminal behavior. It is the study of the perpetrator’s identity from the standpoint of socio-naturalistic criminology opens the way for a successful response to the causes and conditions that shape the perpetrator’s identity and contribute thereof to manifestation in the commission of a crime. The socio-naturalistic approach to the study of perpetrator’s identity allows the subjects of counteraction accordingly: develop countermeasures and respond to criminality in general. It is argued that the positive aspect in opposing criminality directly depends on the perpetrator’s identity because through the knowledge of the personal characteristics of those who commit illegal acts, criminogenic factors of crime are explained. These are two interdependent processes. Scientifically substantiated researches of the perpetrator’s identity give the chance to carry out, to correct opposition to criminality. Thus, there is a natural formula: an effective study of the perpetrator’s identity is equal to the effective opposition against criminality. It has been proven that effective research into the perpetrator’s identity is tied to a logical chain of solving extremely complex criminological problems, including the opposing against criminality. And the successful opposition to this socially negative phenomenon shows that there is an adequate influence on criminogenic factors that give rise to criminality, that is, that the developed measures to opposing criminality are effective. The close connection between the perpetrator’s identity and the opposition against criminality is that the perpetrator’s identity is central to the opposition against criminality, due to the fact that effective research on the perpetrator’s identity, it is possible to implement effective measures.

scholarly journals Report. Robert Boyle for the twenty-ndash;first century

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Michael Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
First Century ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
The Core ◽  
Introductory Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Digitized Images ◽  
Main Components

In recent years, major steps have been taken in terms of understanding and exploiting the vast archive of Robert Boyle (1627–91), which was presented to The Royal Society in 1769. The collection was first catalogued in the 1980s; since then, it has been extensively used in preparing the definitive editions of Boyle's Works (14 vols, 1999–2000) and Correspondence (6 vols, 2001), both published by Pickering & Chatto, and the edition of his ‘workdiaries’, which has been available online since 2001. Now, thanks to a generous grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, various steps have been taken to enhance access to the archive—particularly by electronic means, and especially through the provision of high–quality digitized images of its key components—and thus to increase understanding of Boyle and his significance for the origins of modern science. The project, entitled ‘Robert Boyle for the twenty–first century’, is a joint initiative between Birkbeck (University of London), The Royal Society and Access to Archives. It has three main components: first, the revision of the catalogue of the Boyle archive and its presentation in online, searchable form; second, the creation of digitized images of the entire content of the core volumes of the Boyle Papers and the publication of these on the World Wide Web, some as illustrations to an updated edition of the workdiaries; and third, the provision of introductory material on Boyle aimed at schools on the Boyle website at Birkbeck.

全人照護及其教育訓練與評值

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 042-047
Author(s):  
鄭舒倖 鄭舒倖 ◽  
蕭宇涵 Shu-Hsing Cheng ◽  
李孟智 Yu-Han Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Holistic Care ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Education Training ◽  
Consistent Assessment ◽  
Main Components

<p>目的：全人照護是對病人身體、心理、社會層面及靈性全面照護的態度與行為，需要醫療院所投注多專 業、跨領域且有效率又有品質的整合服務，才能滿足病人「一站式服務、一次購足」的需求。本文之目的在於詮釋全人照護之真諦、內涵、教育訓練與評值。</p> <p>方法：藉由闡釋全人照護的素養與能力，強調推廣全人照護需要多面向的教育訓練加以養成，並發展以能力為基礎的評值方法。</p> <p>結果：醫療人員需要終身持續學習有關全人照護的核心知識與技能、醫療專業照護、同理心與心理支持、就醫行為和家庭照護，以及生命關懷及和臨終照護，並佐以適合及一致性的評值標準，方能系統性的推廣全人照護。</p> <p>結論：本文探討全人照護的真諦、如何推動全人照護及如何實施全人照護之教育訓練與評值，作為醫療院所推動全人照護之參考。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Objective: Holistic care is an approach that involves consideration of the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual wellbeing of a patient. It involves multidisciplinary, interprofessional integrated teams with members who educate, cooperate with, and respect each other to offer one-stop fulfillment of patient needs. This article explains the core values and intentions of holistic care and the relevant education, training, and assessments.</p> <p>Methods: By explaining the competencies of holistic care, this article argues that the promotion of holistic care necessitates multidimensional education, training, and competency-based assessments.</p> <p>Results: To systematically promote holistic care, accompanied by appropriate and consistent assessment standards, health care providers must continue to learn about the main components of holistic care, including its required knowledge and competencies, professional medical care empathy and psychological support, the praxeology of healthcare seeking, family care, and end-of-life and hospice care.</p> <p>Conclusion: This article discusses the core values of holistic care; how to promote holistic care; and how to implement education, training, and assessments in the field of holistic care and may therefore serve as a reference for holistic care training in medical settings.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Engineering and design of fast reactors

1990 ◽  
Vol 331 (1619) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Steam Generators ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Main Components ◽  
System Layout ◽  
Coolant System

The paper deals with the basic engineering aspects specific to a fast breeder reactor. The characteristic design features are mainly determined by the coolant being sodium and the fast neutrons in the core. Some particular properties of sodium, the high temperature and the large temperature differences impose severe requirements on materials and structures. Also the mode of operation, the protection systems and the auxiliary systems are strongly influenced by these conditions. The resulting engineering implications will be illustrated by describing, firstly, the core layout and the core components, secondly, the main coolant system layout and its auxiliaries and, thirdly, the design aspects of main components such as pumps, heat exchangers and steam generators.

scholarly journals Individual regulation of the accumulation of H1 mRNA and core histone mRNAs in sea urchin embryos.

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 974-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Baker ◽  
A A Infante
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Histone Mrnas ◽  
The Individual

The relative cytoplasmic accumulation of the individual histone mRNAs in sea urchins was determined by gel analysis of 3H-labeled cytoplasmic RNA isolated from embryos of the early cleavage through the mesenchyme blastula stages. A number of separate determinations showed that H1 mRNA accumulates at a molar ratio of 0.5 or less compared with each of the H2 or H3 core histone mRNAs through approximately the first 12 h of embryonic development. After this time, the accumulation of H1 mRNA increases relative to the core histone mRNAs, and approximately equimolar amounts of the histone mRNAs are produced by about the 14-h stage. The equimolar synthesis of H1 mRNA appears to be transient, returning to 0.5-molar levels several hours later. The increase in H1 mRNA accumulation, relative to the core histone RNAs, is coincident with the transition from expression of the early (alpha) sea urchin histone gene set to the late histone genes. Since all five of the early histone genes occur in a 1:1 ratio within repeating units, the data suggest that the genes within a single repeat, or their immediate products, are individually regulated. Gel analysis of the proteins synthesized in vivo by embryos demonstrates that the pattern of synthesis of the histone proteins reflects the changing ratios of the histone mRNAs.

scholarly journals DATeS: a highly extensible data assimilation testing suite v1.0

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Attia ◽  
Adrian Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Linear Algebra ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Time Discretization ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Main Components

Abstract. A flexible and highly extensible data assimilation testing suite, named DATeS, is described in this paper. DATeS aims to offer a unified testing environment that allows researchers to compare different data assimilation methodologies and understand their performance in various settings. The core of DATeS is implemented in Python and takes advantage of its object-oriented capabilities. The main components of the package (the numerical models, the data assimilation algorithms, the linear algebra solvers, and the time discretization routines) are independent of each other, which offers great flexibility to configure data assimilation applications. DATeS can interface easily with large third-party numerical models written in Fortran or in C, and with a plethora of external solvers.

Diversification of the Histone Fold Motif in Plants: Evolution of New Functional Roles

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amish Kumar ◽  
Gitanjali Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Gene Families ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Alpha Helices ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Histone Fold ◽  
Nuclear Factor Y ◽  
The Core ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
Core Histones

<p>The Histone fold motif (HFM) is one of the most conserved structural motifs in biology, mainly found in the core histone sub-units of all eukaryotes. The HFM represents a helix-strand-helix motif having three alpha helices connected by two loops/beta strands. This helix-strand-helix motif has the unique property of binding strongly with proteins as well as with DNA. Apart from core histones, the HFM has been reported in a variety of other proteins in all forms of life. In this work, we review the various classes of proteins that contain the HFM, as well as the diverse roles played by these proteins in the plant kingdom. As will be clear from this review, formation of the core histones through multi-merisation is not the only role played by this conserved fold, although the characteristic ability of the HFM to dimerize with suitable partner proteins has been used by nature to perform several non-core-histone functions. Most of the information about plant HFM containing proteins, such as identification and classification, has been done based on homology with yeast and animal counterparts. However, the ability of plants genomes to duplicate extensively has led to the existence of large gene families of the HFM containing proteins, unlike other eukaryotes. Plant HFM containing proteins can broadly be classified under the following major categories; TBP-associated factors (TAF), Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y), Dr1/DrAp1 proteins and the chromatin accessibility complex (CHRAC). These proteins families are known to be involved in transcriptional regulation, co-activation and chromosome maintenance. Partner recognition through dimer formation remains a major conserved feature of these groups when compared with core histone sub-units.</p>

Studies on lipopolysaccharides of Proteus

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1385-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Dmitriev ◽  
N. A. Hinton ◽  
R. W. Lowe ◽  
J. K. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homologous Antiserum ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Second Peak

The polysaccharide moieties of the lipopolysaccharides of serotyped strains of Proteus have been examined. The strains were selected to provide a wide range of serotypes. The primary acetic acid extracts of different strains of Proteus were fractionated on Sephadex G-50 and yielded three main components: a peak (I), which was composed mainly of polysaccharide; a second peak (II), the core polysaccharide, which contained heptose and phosphate; and a third component (III), which corresponded to a low molecular weight fraction and contained KDO and phosphate as well as other components. Peak I was not encountered in rough strains of Proteus. The chemical composition of the peaks obtained for S, SR, and R strains is discussed in relation to their agglutinating ability to homologous antiserum.

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