scholarly journals The maximum activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenases, lactate dehydrogenase, octopine dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, nucleoside diphosphatekinase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and arginine kinase in relation to carbohydrate utilization in muscles from marine invertebrates

1976 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Zammit ◽  
E A Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Octopine Dehydrogenase

Comparison of the activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase in muscles from marine invertebrates indicates that they can be divided into three groups. First, the activities of the three enzymes are low in coelenterate muscles, catch muscles of molluscs and muscles of echinoderms; this indicates a low rate of carbohydrate (and energy) utilization by these muscles. Secondly, high activities of phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase relative to those of hexokinase are found in, for example, lobster abdominal and scallop snap muscles; this indicates that these muscles depend largely on anaerobic degradation of glycogen for energy production. Thirdly, high activities of hexokinase are found in the radular muscles of prosobranch molluscs and the fin muscles of squids; this indicates a high capacity for glucose utilization, which is consistent with the high activities of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in these muscles [Alp, Newsholme & Zammit (1976) Biochem. J.154, 689-700]. 2. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, octopine dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic and mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase were measured in order to provide a qualitative indication of the importance of different processes for oxidation of glycolytically formed NADH. The muscles are divided into four groups: those that have a high activity of lactate dehydrogenase relative to the activities of phosphofructokinase (e.g. crustacean muscles); those that have high activities of octopine dehydrogenase but low activities of lactate dehydrogenase (e.g. scallop snap muscle); those that have moderate activities of both lactate dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase (radular muscles of prosobranchs), and those that have low activities of both lactate dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase, but which possess activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (oyster adductor muscles). It is suggested that, under anaerobic conditions, muscles of marine invertebrates form lactate and/or octopine or succinate (or similar end product) according to the activities of the enzymes present in the muscles (see above). The muscles investigated possess low activities of cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which indicates that glycerol phosphate formation is quantitatively unimportant under anaerobic conditions, and low activities of mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, which indicates that the glycerol phosphate cycle is unimportant in the re-oxidation of glycolytically produced NADH in these muscles under aerobic conditions. Conversely, high activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase are present in some muscles, which indicates that the malate-aspartate cycle may be important in oxidation of glycolytically produced NADH under aerobic conditions. 3. High activities of nucleoside diphosphate kinase were found in muscles that function for prolonged periods under anaerobic conditions (e.g…

scholarly journals Properties of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in relation to the direction and regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate metabolism in muscles of the frog and marine invertebrates

1978 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Zammit ◽  
Eric A. Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Fructose Bisphosphate ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Hill Coefficients

1. The properties of pyruvate kinase and, if present, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the muscles of the sea anemone, scallop, oyster, crab, lobster and frog were investigated. 2. In general, the properties of pyruvate kinase from all muscles were similar, except for those of the enzyme from the oyster (adductor muscle); the pH optima were between 7.1 and 7.4, whereas that for oyster was 8.2; fructose bisphosphate lowered the optimum pH of the oyster enzyme from 8.2 to 7.1, but it had no effect on the enzymes from other muscles. Hill coefficients for the effect of the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate were close to unity in the absence of added alanine for the enzymes from all muscles except oyster adductor muscle; it was 1.5 for this enzyme. Alanine inhibited the enzyme from all muscles except the frog; this inhibition was relieved by fructose bisphosphate. Low concentrations of alanine were very effective with the enzyme from the oyster (50% inhibition was observed at 0.4mm). Fructose bisphosphate activated the enzyme from all muscles, but extremely low concentrations were effective with the oyster enzyme (0.13μm produced 50% activation). 3. In general, the properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the sea anemone and oyster muscles are similar: the Km values for phosphoenolpyruvate are low (0.10 and 0.13mm); the enzymes require Mn2+ in addition to Mg2+ for activity; and ITP inhibits the enzymes and the inhibition is relieved by alanine. These latter compounds had no effect on enzymes from other muscles. 4. It is suggested that changes in concentrations of fructose bisphosphate, alanine and ITP produce a coordinated mechanism of control of the activities of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the sea anemone and oyster muscles, which ensures that phosphoenolpyruvate is converted into oxaloacetate and then into succinate in these muscles under anaerobic conditions. 5. It is suggested that in the muscles of the crab, lobster and frog, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase catalyses the conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate. This may be part of a pathway for the oxidation of some amino acids in these muscles.

The Reaction of Thiol Compounds with the Vitamin-K Dependent Clotting Factors

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Fantl
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Factor Ii ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
The One

SummaryTreatment of human and dog oxalated plasma with 0.2 to 1.0 × 10−1 M 2.3-dithiopropanol (BAL) or dithiothreitol (DTT) at 2–4° C for 30 min results in the reduction of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X to the respective-SH derivatives. The reaction is pH dependent. Under aerobic conditions the delayed one stage prothrombin time can be partly reversed. Under anaerobic conditions a gradual prolongation of the one stage prothrombin time occurs without reversal.In very diluted plasma treated with the dithiols, prothrombin can be converted into thrombin if serum as source of active factors VII and X is added. In contrast SH factors VII, IX and X are inactive in the specific tests. Reoxidation to active factors II, VII, IX and X takes place during adsorption and elution of the SH derivatives. The experiments have indicated that not only factor II but also factors VII, IX and X have active-S-S-centres.

Performance of aerobic granular sludge at variable circulation rate in anaerobic–aerobic conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2252-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasnida Harun ◽  
Aznah Nor Anuar ◽  
Zaini Ujang ◽  
Noor Hasyimah Rosman ◽  
Inawati Othman
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Aerobic Granular Sludge ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Mixed Liquor

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been applied to treat a broad range of industrial and municipal wastewater. AGS can be developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with alternating anaerobic–aerobic conditions. To provide anaerobic conditions, the mixed liquor is allowed to circulate in the reactor without air supply. The circulation flow rate of mixed liquor in anaerobic condition is the most important parameter of operation in the anaerobic-AGS processes. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of circulation rate on the performance of the SBR with AGS. Two identical reactors namely R1 and R2 were operated using fermented soy sauce wastewater at circulation rate of 14.4 and 36.0 l/h, respectively. During the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was pumped out from the upper part of the reactor and circulated back into the bottom of the reactor for 230 min. A compact and dense AGS was observed in both reactors with a similar diameter of 2.0 mm in average, although different circulation rates were adopted. The best reactor performance was achieved in R2 with chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 89%, 90% total phosphorus removal, 79% ammonia removal, 10.1 g/l of mixed liquor suspended solids and a sludge volume index of 25 ml/g.

scholarly journals Role of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in glyceride metabolism. Effect of diet on enzyme activities in chicken liver

1975 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Harding ◽  
E A Pyeritz ◽  
E S Copeland ◽  
H B White
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Acyl Carrier Protein ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. The metabolic role of hepatic NAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) was investigated vis-a-vis glyceride synthesis, glyceride degradation and the maintainence of the NAD redox state. 2. Five-week-old chickens were placed on five dietary regimes: a control group, a group on an increased-carbohydrate-lowered-fat diet, a group on a high-fat-lowered-carbohydrate diet, a starved group and a starved-refed group. In each group the specific activity (mumol/min per g wet wt. of tissue) of hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was compared with the activities of the β-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase component of fatty acid synthetase, glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). 3. During starvation, the activities of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol kinase and lactate dehydrogenase rose significantly. After re-feeding these activities returned to near normal. All three activities rose slightly on the high-fat diet. Lactate dehydrogenase activity rose slightly, whereas those of the other two enzymes fell slightly on the increased-carbohydrate-lowered-fat diet. 4. The activity of the β-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase component of fatty acid synthetase, a lipid-synthesizing enzyme, contrasted strikingly with the other three enzyme activities. Its activity was slightly elevated on the increased-carbohydrate diet and significantly diminished on the high-fat diet and during starvation. 5. The changes in activity of the chicken liver isoenzyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in response to dietary stresses suggest that the enzyme has an important metabolic role other than or in addition to glyceride biosynthesis.

An ubiquitously expressed gene 3.5 kilobases upstream of the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in mice

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-945
Author(s):  
L A Johnston ◽  
M A Kotarski ◽  
D J Jerry ◽  
L P Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Transcriptional Unit ◽  
Chromosome 15 ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Glycerol 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

While studying the organization of the mouse glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (Gdc-1 on chromosome 15), we identified a novel transcriptional unit located only 3.4 kilobases (kb) upstream of the 5' end of the Gdc-1 gene. This gene has been provisionally named D15Kz1. The unusual proximity of these two genes led us to investigate the pattern of expression and sequence characteristics of the new gene for comparison with those of Gdc-1. D15Kz1 was found to have transcripts of 3.2 and 3.4 kb in length. The 3.4-kb transcript was expressed at low levels in all tissues examined, whereas the 3.2-kb transcript was detected only in the cerebral cortex and the brown fat. D15Kz1 and Gdc-1 are not coordinately regulated, as evidenced by the characteristics of their expression in several tissues and in differentiating 3T3-F442A adipocyte cultures. A cDNA sequence of 3,105 bases isolated from an embryonal carcinoma lambda gt10 cDNA library had a large open reading frame of 461 amino acids at one end followed by 1.6 kb of sequence with multiple stop codons. Algorithms used to search the protein and nucleic acid data bases detected no significant sequence similarity to any other protein or gene. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using the D15Kz1 cDNA as a probe indicated that D15Kz1 is a single-copy gene in the mouse genome and that it is conserved in humans, rats, and chickens. This conservation of gene sequences suggests that D15Kz1 encodes a protein with an important cellular function.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

METABOLISM OF RAM TESTICULAR SPERMATOZOA IN THE PRESENCE OF TESTOSTERONE AND RELATED STEROIDS

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Voglmayr ◽  
R. N. Murdoch ◽  
I. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Rete Testis ◽  
Glycolytic Metabolism ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Testicular Spermatozoa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose

ABSTRACT The effects of testosterone* and related steroids on the oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of freshly collected ram testicular spermatozoa and of spermatozoa stored under air in rete testis fluid for 3 days at 3°C have been studied. When freshly collected testicular spermatozoa were incubated with glucose under aerobic conditions only a small proportion of the utilized glucose could be accounted for as lactate. The addition of a number of steroids, including testosterone, androstanedione, 5β-androstanedione, androsterone, epiandrosterone and 5β-androsterone, greatly increased aerobic glycolysis, the oxidation of the substrate and the proportion of the utilized substrate converted to lactic acid. After 3 days storage at 3°C, testicular spermatozoa respired at a greater rate than spermatozoa freshly collected from the testes. Although the stimulating effect of steroids on aerobic glycolysis increased after storage, they depressed rather than stimulated the oxidation of glucose by stored testicular spermatozoa. With the exception of androstanedione, which slightly stimulated glycolysis, storage of testicular spermatozoa for 3 days in the presence of steroids did not significantly influence their subsequent metabolism when washed free of the steroids. Both freshly collected and stored ram testicular spermatozoa displayed a marked Pasteur effect, and utilized more glucose and produced more lactate under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. In the absence of oxygen the steroids did not stimulate glycolysis to any extent. However, epiandrosterone depressed the glycolysis of freshly collected spermatozoa under anaerobic conditions and after storage, 5β-androsterone had a similar effect. Androstanedione, 5β-androstanedione, epiandrosterone and 5β-androsterone were the most effective steroids in altering the metabolism of testicular spermatozoa and, under almost all conditions of incubation, depressed the synthesis of amino acids from glucose. The results suggest that the effects of testosterone and related steroids in vitro may depend on the age of the spermatozoa after their release from the Sertoli cells; the steroid effects may have important consequences in vivo in relation to sperm maturation.

Phosphorus retention capacity of iron-ore and blast furnace slag in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Grüneberg ◽  
J. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Furnace Slag

The suitability of iron-ore and blast furnace slag for subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands was studied over a period of four months. Dairy farm wastewater (TP 45 mg l-1) was percolated through buckets planted with reed (volume 9.1 l; hydraulic load 15 l m-2d-1). One group of buckets was kept under aerobic conditions and the other group under anaerobic conditions, monitored by continuous redox potential measurements. Even at high mass loading rates of 0.65 g P m-1d-1 the slag provided 98% removal efficiency and showed no decrease in performance with time. However, phosphorus fractionation data indicate that the high phosphorus retention capacity under aerobic conditions is to a great extent attributable to unstable sorption onto calcium compounds (NH4Cl-P). Phosphorus sorption of both the slag (200 μg P g-1) and the iron-ore (140 μg P g-1) was promoted by predominantly anaerobic conditions due to continuous formation of amorphous ferrous hydroxides. None of the substrates had adverse affects on reed growth.

The Effect of Salinity Changes on the Water Content and Respiration of Marine Invertebrates

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Initial Difference ◽  
Good Support

1. Schlieper's theory of the function of increased oxygen intake by "homoiosmotic" marine invertebrates in dilute sea water in maintaining their body fluids hypertonic to the surrounding water is discussed, and objections are brought forward to the methods used in the experiments on which his conclusions were based. 2. By periodic weighings, and measurements of respiratory rate (under narcotic) by Barcroft manometers, it was found that the weight of N. diversicolor, on transference to water of low salinity, at first increases and then falls, and that the respiratory rate is at first increased and later tends to decrease. 3. With N. cultrifera the weight increases to a higher value and does not sub sequently fall, and the respiratory rate is also increased but to a lesser extent than with N. diversicolor. 4. These differences in the amount of increase in respiratory rate are more marked in water containing only 16.6 per cent, sea water than in water containing 25 per cent, sea water. 5. N. diversicolor maintains its activity while N. cultifera becomes practically inert in dilute water. The latter does not actually die in 25 per cent, sea water after 100 hours, but dies in 16.6 per cent, sea water after about 50 hours. 6. Exposure to M/1000 KCN or to anaerobic conditions in dilute water tends to break down the mechanism by which the free osmotic inflow of water in N. diversicolor is prevented, and the weight curves under these conditions approach the N. cultrifera form. 7. The respiratory rate of G. ulvae increases progressively with dilution of the sea water, and is roughly proportional to the initial difference of osmotic pressure inside and outside the animal. 8. The swelling of Gunda in dilute water is due to swelling of the gut cells, which become much vacuolated. The other tissues appear unaltered. 9. M/1000 KCN or anaerobic conditions cause a greater amount of swelling in Gunda in a given salinity than normally occurs. 10. These experiments seem to give reasonably good support to Schlieper's hypothesis. 11. The mechanism responsible for this "osmotic resistance" in N. diversicolor must be of a somewhat different nature from that in G. ulvae. 12. A rigid distinction between "homoiosmotic" and "poikilosmotic" marine animals cannot be supported.

Growth and Sporulation Potential of Clostridium perfringens in Aerobic and Vacuum-Packaged Cooked Beef

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. JUNEJA ◽  
B. S. MARMER ◽  
A. J. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Growth of Clostridium perfringens in aerobic-and anaerobic-(vacuum) packaged cooked ground beef was investigated. Autoclaved ground beef was inoculated with ~3.0-log10 CFU/g of C. perfringens, packaged and stored at various temperatures. Vegetative cells and heat-resistant spores were enumerated by plating unheated and heated (75°C for 20 min) meat samples on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar. Clostridium perfringens grew to >7 logs within 12 h at 28, 37 and 42°C under anaerobic atmosphere and at 37 and 42°C under aerobic conditions. At 28°C under aerobic conditions, growth was relatively slow and total viable count increased to >6 logs within 36 h. Similarly, growth at 15°C in air was both slower and less than under vacuum. Regardless of packaging, the organism either declined or did not grow at 4, 8 and 12°C. Spores were not found at <12°C. Spores were detected as early as 8 h at 42°C under anaerobic conditions, but in general, the type of atmosphere had little influence on sporulation at ≥28°C. Temperature abuse (28°C storage) of refrigerated products for 6 h will not permit C. perfringens growth. However, cyclic and static temperature abuse of such products for relatively long periods may lead to high and dangerous numbers of organisms. Reheating such products to an internal temperature of 65°C before consumption would prevent food poisoning since the vegetative cells were killed.

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