The Distribution of Catecholamines between Platelets and Plasma in Normal Human Subjects

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. T. Smith ◽  
L. D. Curtis ◽  
A. P. Delamothe ◽  
B. N. C. Prichard ◽  
D. J. Betteridge
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

1. We have used high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure content of adrenaline and noradrenaline in platelets in 13 normal subjects at rest. 2. Subjects were exercised to raise plasma catecholamine levels and promote the platelet release reaction. 3. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma noradrenaline concentrations and platelet noradrenaline content. 4. Platelet/plasma concentration ratios were 1855 for noradrenaline and 268 for adrenaline at rest and 473 and 152 respectively after exercise. 5. Plasma noradrenaline levels positively correlated with age. 6. Determination of platelet factors released to the plasma showed increases of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 with exercise, whereas thromboxane B2 remained unchanged. No change in platelet catecholamine levels occurred with exercise and no correlations were observed between platelet catecholamines and released platelet factors. 7. These data suggest that plasma catecholamine levels influence platelet content and that noradrenaline and adrenaline are concentrated in platelets.

Platelet catecholamines and platelet function in normal human subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Wilson ◽  
C. C. T. Smith ◽  
B. N. C. Prichard ◽  
D. J. Betteridge
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Collagen Concentration ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
Local Release

1. We have used high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure plasma and platelet catecholamines in 24 normal subjects. 2. In the same subjects platelet function was assessed by measuring platelet aggregation in response to adenosine 5′-pyrophosphate, thrombin, adrenaline and collagen. Platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin was also examined. 3. Platelet noradrenaline showed a positive correlation with extent of aggregation induced by ‘low-dose’ collagen (1 μg/ml). No correlation was seen at the higher collagen concentration. 4. Platelet noradrenaline content also correlated with sensitivity of platelets to prostacyclin. High platelet noradrenaline concentrations appeared to result in decreased sensitivity to prostacyclin. 5. No other correlations were observed. 6. These data suggest that platelet noradrenaline rather than plasma levels may be involved in modifying platelet function in vivo. Local release of platelet catecholamines may affect the platelet/vessel wall interaction, the primary physiological step in platelet activation.

The Determination of Triglycerides in Plasma and Tissues

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwanath M Sardesai ◽  
Joan A Manning
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Glycerol Moiety ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Colored Compound

Abstract A simple method for the determination of plasma and tissue triglycerides is described. This procedure involves the extraction and saponification of triglycerides, the oxidation of the glycerol moiety to formaldehyde, and the conversion of formaldehyde to a yellow-colored compound, 3,5 diacetyl-1-4 dihydrolulidine, the intensity of which is determined spectrophotometrically. The recoveries of triglycerides added to plasma and tissues have been satisfactory. Plasma samples obtained from normal human subjects are found to have triglycerides in the range 83-200 mg./100 ml. From the standpoint of sensitivity, simplicity, and time required, this technic is believed to be an improvement over previously described procedures for triglyceride determination.

IMMUNOREACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian F. Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Radio Immunoassay

ABSTRACT By using a double antibody radio-immunoassay (pre-precipitation technique) for the determination of immunoreactive human growth hormone (IRHGH) in normal human urine concentrated by dialysis and lyophilization, a factor was revealed that displaces 125I-HGH from HGH antibodies. This displacement was neither due to salts nor to glucose; it is suggested that it is due to IRHGH in the urine. A linear relationship between dilution of urine and the measured IRHGH concentration was obtained. Recovery of exogenous HGH was between 70–105%. The recovery of IRHGH from different volumes of urine following dialysis and lyophilization was between 97–110%. Plasma IRHGH and urinary IRHGH was measured simultaneously after HGH injection in a normal subject. A correlation was shown between plasma IRHGH and urinary IRHGH. In 9 normal subjects, the urinary IRHGH ranged from 28–53 ng/24 h. The excretion of urinary IRHGH was increased in acromegaly and was diminished in some, but not in all patients with adult hypopituitarism. The urinary IRHGH was further studied by gel filtration. It was recovered in one peak corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 20 000 – 30 000. However, in the present work it was not clarified whether the urinary IRHGH represents pituitary HGH excreted in the urine or a metabolite of high molecular weight with retained immunological properties.

Catechol O-Methyltransferase in Red Blood Cells of Schizophrenic, Depressed, and Normal Human Subjects

1976 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. White ◽  
Malcolm N. McLeod ◽  
Jonathan R. T. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Isoelectric Ph

SummaryCatechol O-methyltransferase of lysed human red blood cells was assayed under optimal conditions, using saturating concentrations of the substrates, S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The mean enzyme activity found in 24 normal subjects was 29.2 nmol/hr/ml RBC. The mean activity in blood of 33 female unipolar depressives was not significantly different from normal. However, higher enzyme activities were observed in the blood of 11 schizophrenic patients (38.9 nmol/hr/ml RBC). Partially purified enzyme preparations from blood of normal and schizophrenic individuals were indistinguishable with respect to substrate specificities, isoelectric pH values, and ratios of the two O-methylated products. Therefore it is unlikely that any defect in O-methylation which may occur in schizophrenia can be attributed to a change in the intrinsic properties of erythrocyte catechol O-methyltransferase.

Lithium and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier studies in normal and manic depressive subjects

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Naylor ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
L. J. Boardman ◽  
D. A. T. Dick ◽  
E. G. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erythrocyte Membrane ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Potassium Influx ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium

synopsisChanges in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier following lithium ingestion in normal human subjects were studied; ouabain sensitive potassium influx fell significantly during the lithium treated phase. Lithium was fed to rats and no change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was shown. These findings contrast with studies of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. The fluctuations in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier were studied in 5 normal subjects over 12 weeks and the correlations between the parameters calculated. The erythrocyte sodium concentration correlated positively with the ouabain sensitive potassium influx. This too contrasts with findings in manic depressive psychosis.

scholarly journals Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moldoveanu ◽  
W Coleman ◽  
J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThis paper presents the findings on a quantitative evaluation of carbonyl levels in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The cigarettes evaluated include products with 5.0 mg ‘tar’, 10.6 mg ‘tar’ and 16.2 mg ‘tar’, where ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total wet particulate matter (TPM) minus the weight of nicotine and water, and the cigarettes are smoked following U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommendations. The measured levels of carbonyls in the exhaled smoke were compared with calculated yields of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke and a retention efficiency was obtained. The number of human subjects included a total of ten smokers for the 10.6 mg ‘tar’, five for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’, and five for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ product, each subject smoking three cigarettes. The analyzed carbonyl compounds included several aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde), and two ketones (acetone and 2-butanone). The smoke collection from the human subjects was vacuum assisted. Exhaled smoke was collected on Cambridge pads pretreated with a solution of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the dinitrophenylhydrazones of the carbonyl compounds. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and analyzed for nicotine. The nicotine levels for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke, based on calibration curves. These were generated separately by analyzing the carbonyls in smoke and the nicotine in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. The comparison of the level of carbonyl compounds in exhaled smoke with that from the inhaled smoke showed high retention of all the carbonyls. The retention of aldehydes was above 95% for all three different ‘tar’ levels cigarettes. The ketones were retained with a slightly lower efficiency. Acetone was retained in the range of 90% to 95%. The retention for 2-butanone showed a larger scatter compared to other results but it also appeared to be slightly less absorbed than the aldehydes, with an average retention around 95%. The retention of acetaldehyde and acetone by human smokers was previously reported in literature and the findings from this study are in very good agreement with these result.

Platelet Catecholamine Concentrations after Short-Term Stress in Normal Subjects

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Carstensen ◽  
John S. Yudkin
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

1. Four studies were designed to test the hypothesis that platelet catecholamine levels may provide a stable index of circulating plasma catecholamine concentrations, and that these are unaffected by acute elevations of plasma levels with physical and psychological stress. 2. To assess the biological variability within individuals, ten subjects were sampled on five occasions over 8–30 h. The intra-individual coefficients of variation for plasma and platelet noradrenaline levels were 193 +10% and 9.5 +4.2%, respectively, and for plasma and platelet adrenaline levels 48.3 +22% and 25.3 +8.4%, respectively. 3. Three other studies investigating the response to physical and psychological stress were performed. In the first study, plasma and platelet catecholamine levels were studied in 12 healthy subjects before and after bicycle ergometry. Plasma catecholamine concentrations increased [noradrenaline by +346 + 323% (P = 0.002) and adrenaline by +314 + 352% (P -0.003)], whereas platelet concentrations showed little change [noradrenaline +4+18% (P = 0.94) and adrenaline +38+ 116% (P = 0.67)]. 4. In the study, catecholamine concentrations were measured in eight subjects after hand immersion in iced water. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations increased significantly (+58 +19%, P = 0.001), but no significant change was found in plasma adrenaline concentrations (+8+44%, P = 0.48). Platelet catecholamine concentrations showed no significant change (noradrenaline +15 +15%, P = 0.052, and adrenaline 19 +82%, P = 0.84). 5. In the third study, catecholamine concentrations were measured in 22 medical students before and after their end-of-year examination. There was no significant change in plasma noradrenaline or adrenaline concentrations (+20 +39%, P = 0.08, and −2 +33%, P = 0.36, respectively) nor in platelet concentrations (noradrenaline +6+19%, P = 0.15, and adrenaline +34 +72, P = 0.65). 6. In 53 subjects sampled between 08.00 and 12.00 hours, plasma and platelet noradrenaline concentrations were significantly correlated (r, = 0.47, P <0.001), but the relationship between plasma and platelet adrenaline concentrations in these subjects did not achieve significance (rs = 0.17, P <0.23). 7. In conclusion, platelet catecholamine concentrations seem to be unaffected by acute short-term stress and may provide a reliable indicator of chronic sympatho-adrenomedullary arousal.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF TOTAL BODY FAT BY ABSORPTION OF AN INERT GAS; MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS IN NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS *

1960 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1791-1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerson T. Lesser ◽  
William Perl ◽  
J. Murray Steele
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Total Body

Improved direct determination of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in plasma and platelets by liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1784-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lehmann ◽  
H L Martin
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Abstract Tocopherols extracted from plasma with methanol or from platelets with chloroform/methanol were injected in methanol on a reversed-phase (C18) "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic column and eluted with water/methanol (2/98, by vol) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/min. A "high-performance" spectrophotofluorometer was used for detection. Analytical recoveries ranged from 89 to 106%. The response was linear to at least 0.3 micrograms of either tocopherol (alpha- or gamma-) applied to the column, and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng. The method was used to measure tocopherols in plasma and platelets from human subjects, and some values are presented.

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